yoga .

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yoga is an ancient systems of physical ,mental and spiritual practices that originated in india . it includes a variety of techniques  such as breathing exercises, postures (asanas) , relaxation,chanting ,and medition.in the  western world ,yoga often focuses on physical  fitness and stress relief ,primarily through posture -based  practiced .for  beginners ,there are many resourcesavailable ,including short practices designed to introduce the fundamentals of yoga .

  om is a  polysemous symbol representing  a sacred sound ,syllable ,mantra ,and invocation in Hinduism . its written from  is  the most important  symble  in the  Hindu religion . it is the  essence of  the supreme absolute ,conciousness, atman,brahman,or  the cosmic world .in  Indian religion some  serves as a sonic representation of  the divine ,a standard  of  Vedic  authority and a central aspect of  soteriological doctrines and practise .it is the syllable is Ofter found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas ,the Upanishads ,and other Hindu texts. it is described as the goal of all the Vedas.

  om emerged in the Vedic corpus and is said to be an encapsulated form of Samaveda chants or song .it is a sacred spiritual incantation  made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts ,during puja and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passage such as wedding ,and  during meditative and spiritual activities such as Pranava yoga . it is part of the iconography found in ancient and  medieval era manuscripts ,temples, monasteries ,and spiritual retracts in Hinduism ,Buddhism Jainism ,and  Sikhism . as a syllable it is often chanted either meditation  in Hinduism ,buddhism ,and Jainism.

  the syllable om is also referred to as Omkara (Omkara) and Pranava  among  many other  names.

etymology

the Sanskrit noun yoga is derived from the root to attach ,join ,harness, yoke .according  to jones and Ryan, the word  yoga is derived from the  root  Yaj ,to yoke ,probably because the  early  practice  concentrated on  restraining  or yoking in the  senses. later the name was also seen as a  metaphor for linking or yoking to the divine .

  Buswell and Lopez translate yoga as bond restraint and  by extension the mind as yoking the mind.

  yoga is a cognate of the English word yoke , since both  are derived from an  Indo-European root .according to Mikel burley ,the  first use of the root of the word yoga is in hymn 5.81.1 of the  rigveda ,a dedication to the rising sun -god where it has been interpreted as yoke or control.

     panini (4th c .BCE) wrote that the term yoga can be  derived  from either of two roots Yujiro yoga (to yoke ) or Yaj Samadhi (to concentrate 0. in the context of the yoga sutras, the  root  Yaj Samadhan (to concentrate) is  considered the correct etymology by  traditional commentators . in accordance  with panni ,Vyasa who wrote  the first commentary on the yoga says that yoga means samadhi (concentration ) Larson notes that in the  Vyasa Bhays the term samadhi refer to all levels of mental  life that is all possible states of awareness, whether ordinary or extraordinary.                                                                                                                                                                                                      Due to its complicated historical development and the broad array of definitions and usage in Indian religions scholars have warned that yoga is hard if not impossible to define exactly David Gordon white notes that yoga has a wider range of meanings than nearly any other word in the entire Sanskrit lexicon in its broadest sense yoga is a generic term for techniques aimed at controlling body and mind and attaining a soteriological goal as specified by a specific tradition.

  ruched king (1999) yoga  in the  more traditional sense of  the  terms has  been practised throughout south  Asia and beyond and involves a multitude of techniques leading  to spiritual and ethical purification .Hindu and Buddhist tradition alike  place  a great deal of emphasis upon the  practice of  yoga as a means of  attaining  liberation from the world of rebirth and yogic practices have been aligned with a variety of  philosophical theories and metaphysical positions.

    

Indus valley civilisation.

the twentieth -century scholars Karel Werner, Thomas mc evilly ,and Mircea Eliade believed that the central figure of the Pashupati seal is seated in the Mulabandhasana posture ,and  the is rejected by more recent  scholarship ; for example ,Geoffrey Samuel ,Andrea R .Jain, and Wendy Doniger describe the  identification as speculative ;the meaning of the figure  will  remain unknown until Harappans script is deciphered, and the roots yoga cannot be linked to the IVC.

earliest references (1000-500BCE)

  further information: Vedic period 

the Vedas ,the only texts preserved from the early Vedic period and codified between c. 1200 and 900 BCE ,contain references to yogic practiced primarily related to ascetic outside ,or on the fringes of Brahmanism.