History of india: May 2025

gym food creatine and vitamin ,heathy food .

the ultimate 7 day gym diet plan.

when it comes to nutrition ,things can become overly complicated .however, it is clear that nutrition has a huge impact on the progress that you make in the gym.

table of contents.

foods to add to your gym diet plan
gym diet-pre-workout foods
gym diet- post -workout foods
ideal 7 day diet chart plan .
foods to avoid in your gym diet plan .
nutrition dos and don'ts
summary frequently asked questions (FAQs)

this article will highlight a number of considerations that must be made and applied in order to bring about substantial changes.

in addition ,it will also serve as a resource and highlight the nutrient-rich foods that one should incorporate into their daily gym diet plan.

foods to add to your gym diet plan.

there are mainly three macronutrients that play a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions and even promote changes in strength and composition -they are carbs, proteins ,and fats and it is essential that we consume all three macros in ample quantities to optimize progress accordingly .

foods to add to your gym diet plan.

there are mainly three macronutrients that play a crucial role in maintaining bodily function and even promote changes in strength and composition -they are carbs, proteins ,and fats and it is essential that we consume all three macros in ample quantities to optimize progress accordingly.

carbohydrates

firstly ,carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body and therefore play the most substantial role in fueling exercise. There are two different types of carbohydrates i.e. complex and simple. the names give an indication of time taken to digest complex carbs that take a longer time period to digest than simple carbs.

furthermore, complex carbohydrates provides the body with prolonged slow- release of energy and have ,fast releasing energy,they ,contain little nutritional value .

therefore,you should consume complex carbohydreates for example whole -grains,beans ,nuts,fruits,and vegetables for maintaining a proper gym diet plan.

thank you .............

next page.

Mohammad Usman.

well come to the indian army power person Mohammad Usman.

born: 15 july 1912
bibipur (now mau district ),united
provinces,british india

died:3 july 1948 (aged 35)
nowshera,jammu and kashmir,india.

allegiance:british india
india

service/ british indian army

branch:indian army.

years of :1934-1948.
service:
rank;

brigadier

unit: 10 th baluch regiment dogra regiment

commands:50 para brigade

77 para brigade

14/10 baluch

battles/wars: second mohmand campaign world

war2

indo-pakistani war of 1947

awards :maha vir chakra

brigadier Mohammad Usman MVC ( 15 July 1912-3 July 1948 )was the highest ranking officer of the indian army killed in action during the indo - Pakistani war of 1947.as a Muslim, Usman become a symbol of Indians inclusive secularism. the time of the partition of india he with many to the Pakistan army due to the illegal occupation and riots and continued to serve with the indian army. he was martyred in July 1948 while fighting Pakistani soldiers and militia in Jammu and Kashmir. He was later awarded the second highest indian military decoration for gallantry in the face of enemy, the maha Vir chakra.

birth and education.

Mohammad usman was born in bibipur, now mau,uttar pradesh ,in the united provinces,british india on 15 july 1912 to jamilum bibi and mohammad farooq khunambir.

usmans maternal family was a large land - owning zamindar family from yusufpur,more ,commonly known as the ansaris of yusufpur,through this side was distant relatives of dr. mukhtar ahmed ansari, faridul haq ansari, hamid ansari and mukhtar ansari. usman and his younger brothers, subhan and gufran,were educted at harish chandra bhai school ,varanasi.

jumped into a well to rescue a drowing child.

Usman later made up his mind to join the army ,and despite the limited opportunities for Indians to get commissioned ranks and despite intense competition, he succeeded in gaining admission to the prestigious royal military college, Sandhurst (RMC) .he entered RMC in 1932,was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed to the unattached list for the indian army on 1 February 1934. he was attached in india to the 1st battalion of the Cameroonians on 12 march 1934 for a year.

military career.

at the end of his year with the Cameroonians ,on 19 march 1935, he was appointed to the indian army and posted to 5th battalion of the 10th Baluch regiment (5/10 Baluch). later in the year he saw active service on the north -west frontier of india during the Mohamad campaign of 1935. he qualified as a 1st class interpreter in Urdu in November 1935.

usman 1947 pakistan sent tribal irregulars into the princely state of jammu and kashmir in an attempt to capture it and accede it to pakistan. usman, then commanding the 77th parachute brigade ,was sent to command the 50th parachute brigade, which was deployed at jhangar in december 1947. on 25 december 1947,with the odds atacked heavily against the brigade,pakistani forces captured jhangar. loacted at the junction of roads coming from mirpur and kotli,jhangar was of strategic importance .on that day usman took a vow to recapature jhangar-a feet he accomplished three months later,but at the cost of his own life.

in january -february 1948 usman repulsed fierce attacks on nowshera and jhangar,both highly strotegic locations in jammu and kashmir.during the defence of nowshera against overwhelmir.during the defence of nowshera against overwhlming odds and numbers ,indian forces inflicated around 2000 casualties on the pakistanis while indian forces suffered only 33 dead and 102 wounded. his defence earned him the nickname lion of nowshera.

Lan Cardozo.

well come to Lan Cardozo ,indian army officer.

major general Lan Cardozo AVSM SM is a former indian army officer. He was the first war- disabled of the indian army to command a brigade. he is amputee due to a war injury.

early life.

Lan Cardozo was born to Vincent Cardozo and Diana (nee de Souza) Cardozo in 1937 in Bombay ,Bombay presidency, British india. he studied at st.xaviers high school, fort and St. Xavier's college, Mumbai.

military career .

Cardozo graduated from the national defence academy and then attended the indian military academy, from where he joined the 5 Gurkha rifles (frontier force) and he was commissioned and later commanded the 1th battalion of the 5th regiment of gorkha rifles aka 1/5g (ff) or 1/5 Gurkha rifles. He has also served with 4/5 gorkha rifles and has fought two wars alongiside them-indo-Pakistani war of 1965 and the indo-pakistani war of 1971. he is the first NDA cadet to receive both gold and silver medals. The gold medal is given to the cadet of the passing out course for best all round performance.

the silver medal is given to the cadet who in order of merit .for the first time in the history of the national defence academy, the cadet who was awarded the gold medal was also first in order of merit. this has happened only one more time thereafter.(source: general himself and from his profit)

pakistani-bangladesh war of 1971.

at the outbreak of the Pakistani- Bangladesh war of 1971,cardozo was attending a course at the defence services staff college, wellington. his battalion, 4/5 Gorkha rifles ,was already deployed in the eastern theatre of operations. the battalion second-in -command was killed in citron and Cardozo was ordered to replace him. He arrived at his battalion in time to accompany them on the indian army's first heliborne operation during the battle of Sylhet. he was popularly named cartoons sahib by his Gorkha regiment as they found it difficult to pronounce his first name .cartoons means a cartridge in Hindi.

after the fall of dhaks, Cardozo stepped on a land mine and his leg was critically injured .due to non-availability of morphine or pethidine, and absence of medics ,his leg could not be amputated surgically .he subsequently used his khukri to amputate his own leg. afterwards, his unit captured a Pakistan army Surgeon .Muhammad Basheer ,who operated on Cardozo. however, the veracity of the account has been questioned by brigadier (retd) rattan Kaul stating that Cardozo stepped on a mine set up by his own forces ,Hince was a battle accident casualty and was brought to battalion medical post and captain DK Sengupta, regimental medical officer was the one who cut hanging ligament, later, a Pakistani surgeon amputated his ankle in a Pakistani hospital in Sylhet. According to rattan Kaul, there were several witnesses to the event. rattan Kalus version was also produced at the instance of press council of india in newspaper, the Hindu on august 2,2023.

Jaswant Singh Rawat.(indian army )

well come to Jaswant Singh Rawat.

rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, MVC (19 august 1941-17 November 1962) was an indian soldier and a posthumous recipient of the prestigious maha Vir chakra of which he was awarded for his actions of valor during the battle of Nuranang in the Sino- Indian war.

rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat
born:19 august 1941
Dhumakot, Pauri Garhwal, British India
died: 17 November 1962 (aged 21)
Nuranang, North-East Frontier Agency, India.
allegiance: republic of india
service: Indian army
branch:
years of :1961-62
service:
rank: rifleman
unit:4th Garhwal rifles
battles/war: Sino -Indian war
awards: Maha Vir chakra.

Sino-india war: battle of Nuranang.

see also: battel of Galwan, battle of Pangong ,battle of Rezang la, battle of Gurung hill, and battel of nuranang and sela pass

during the battle of nuranang on 17.

Jaswant Garharb memorial, Jaswantgarh,
Arunachal Pradesh.

novemberb1962 in the north -east frontier agency ( now Arunachal Pradesh), the rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat was serving in the 4th battalion of 4th Garhwal rifles regiment. On that day, the 4th Garhwal rifles had beaten back two peoples liberation army charges on their position . during a third intrusion, a Chinese medium machine gun (MMG) had come close to the indian defenses and was firing accurately at their positions. rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, along with lance naik Trilok Singh Negi and rifleman Gopal Singh Gosain volunteered to subdue the MMG .Rawat and Gosain, aided by covering fire from Negi closed within a grenade- throwing distance of the machine gun position and neutralized the Chinese detachment of five sentries, seizing the MMG in the process. however, while returning ,Gosain and Negi lost their lives and Rawat was seriously injured, although he managed to return with the captured weapon. the battle resulted in 300 Chinese casualties, whereas the 4th Garhwal rifles lost two men and had eight wounded.

rewets company eventually decided to fall back ,but Rawat remained and kept up the fight with the help of local monoa girls named sela and Nura (Noora).later, Sela was killed and Noora captured .rushing from position to position, Rawat held off the enemy for 72 hours unit the Chinese then stormed a local supplier, who told them that they were facing only one fighter. The Chinese then stormed Rawat s position, but the exact details of his death are unclear. Some accounts claim that Rawat shot himself with his last round of ammunition: others state that he was taken prisoner and executed by the chinese.the war over. Sela pass, Sela tunnel and sela lake were named after sela in commemoration of her actions.

legacy: Jaswant garh memorial and post.

the bravery of Jaswant Rawat was honored by naming the army post held by him as the Jaswant garh post where he fended off the peoples liberation army, and Jaswant garh war memorial was built at the post. memorial at the army post lies 52 km southeast of tawang and north of tunnel on NH-13 trans - Arunachal highway s dirang -tawang section.

air india chief marshal ap singh.

well come to marshal ap Singh.

the chief of the air staff (CAS)is a statutory office held by the professional head of the indian air force (IAF),the aerial branch of the indian armed forces. customarily held by a four-star air chief marshal, the CAS is the senior -most operational officer of the IAF ,mandated with the responsibilities of supervising the forces overall functioning during states of peace and wartime, committing to the establishment-cum-continuity of air deterrence and executing India's security objectives vis-a vis the preservation of the country's air sovereignty.

being a permanent member of the chiefs of staff committee (COSC) and the national security council (NSC), the CAS also bears the responsibility of advising the nations civilian leadership i.e., the government of india on all matters privy to the IAF .

statutorily, the CAS ranks 12th -overall in the indian order of precedence, and is the IAF s status-equivalent of the chief of defence staff, the chief of the army staff and the chief of the naval staff- all three positions of which are also occupied by four-star officers from the armed forces.

description .

roles and responsibilities.

* advising the central government on all matters privy to the IAF .

* coordinating various components of the IAF towards the protection -cum -realization of the nation s air sovereignty during states of armed conflict or war.

* providing direction towards the overall functioning of the organizations facets, such as command, control, administration and strategy.

* convening courts-martial at the behest of the central government to review cases of misconduct during peace and wartime.

*reviewing the judicial sentencing and pleas of officers convicted of professional misconduct whilst in service.

* in addition to these responsibilities ,the CAS is also a permanent member of.

chiefs of staff committee (COSC)
national security council (NSC)
defence planning committee (DPC)
defence acquisition council(DAC)

the offices eminence in the aforementioned groups thus grants the appointee with the role to advice the minister of defence on the affairs related to the IAF s functioning and the promotion of an comprehensive integrated planning policy with respect to the affairs of tri-service integration, doctrinal strategy, capability development ,defence acquisition and infrastructure.

structure.

as the professional head of the force ,the CAS is assisted by one subordinate officer and one principal staff officer, namely:

subordinate

vice chief of the air staff (VCAS)

Principal staff officer

deputy chief of the air staff (DCAS)
air officer in charge of administration (AOA)
air officer in charge of personnel(AOP)
air officer in charge of maintenance(AOM)

director -generals

director general (inspection and safety)-DG(I AND S)
director general air operation _DG(ops)
director general of works and ceremonial _DG(W AND C)
director general (aircraft)-DG (AC)
director general (systems)- DG(sys)
director general of medical services (air) -DGMS (air)
director general (administration)-DG(admin)

promotion.

initially ,beginning in the pre- independence era, until 1966, the office of CAS was held by a three- star air marshal: the first six chiefs in the post -independence IAF were three -star air marshals. however, the offices rank -specifications was raised to the four-star rank of chief marshal in January 1965,initially as a recognitive measure to air marshal arjun Singh the Indo- Pakistani war of 1965; every CAS -appointee since then has been an air chief marshal.

the move to appoint a new designate to the position usually begins three months before the change -of - command , wherein the ministry od defence (MoD) reviews the resumes of the IAF s senior -most air marshal which regularly includes the vice chief of the air staff an at -most three of the air officer commanding -in -chiefs (AOC-IN-C ) of the forces combatant commands. appointments to the position are made by minister of defence, upon recommendation from air HQ; appointees to the office are subsequently promoted to the rank of air chief marshal.

since 1950,the senior-most air marshals in the IAFS command cadre have customarily been appointed as CAS, nevertheless ,this tradition has been broken twice, first in 1973-when then - air marshal om Prakash Mehara to supersede two senior officers, and again in 1988-then -air marshal S.K. Mehra Superseded one senior officer to become CAS.

tenur.

during the initial years of the post -independence IAF, CAS -appointees were given one four-year term, with the possibility of extension: air marshal Subroto Mukherjee was the longest serving chief-at 6 years,7 months,7 days, and the only appointee to have ever received a second four-year term: nevertheless, he unexpectedly died Halfwit through it.

currently, according to the regulations for the air force ,2000-a Cas-appointee reaches superannuation upon the completion of three years in the position or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier. however, an appointee may also be dismissed from office by the president of india before the conclusion of the tenure under section 18-19 of the air force act,1950 and article 310 of the constitution.

additionally, a CAS -appointee is also eligible to be selected for the position of chief of defence staff (CDS),in accordance with the air force regulations, 2022-which prescribes that the designated nominee, in this case the CAS - appointee has ever been appointed as CDS.

captain Vikram Batra

well come to captain Vikram Batra life history.

captain Vikram Batra (9 September 1974-7 July 1999) was an indian army officer .he was posthumously awarded the param Vira chakra, the highest indian military decoration ,for his actions during the Kargil war; on 7 July 1999,batra was killed while fighting Pakistani troops around area ledge ,point 4875,in the Kargil district of erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir.

Vikram Batra
official military portrait,1997
born:9 September 1997
Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
died: 7 July 1999 (aged 24)
Kargil, Jammu and Kashmir ,india.
allegiance :india
service/Branch: Indian army
years of service:1997-1999
rank: captain
service number:IC-57556H
unit:13 Jammu and Kashmir rifle
battles/wars: Kargil war
battle of point 5140
battle of point 4875
awards: PARAM Vir chakra
alma mater: DAV college(BMSc)
Punjab university
indian military academy.

early life and education.

Batra was born on 9 September 1974 in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. he was the third child of Gandhari Lal Batra, a government school principal, and Kamal Kenta Batra, a school teacher. the older of twin sons, he was born fourteen minutes before his brother, Vishal. The twins were nicknamed : luv (Vikram) and Kush (Vishal) ,after the twin sons of the Hindu deity Rama, by their mother who was a professed devotee of Rama. he had two sister : Seema and nutans. as a young child ,Batra received his primary education under the tutelage of his mother / he received his primary education at GPS tikri-mushehara in mandi district of Himachal Pradesh .he then attended the D.A.V public school in palampur, where he studied up to middle standard. he received his senior secondary education at central school in palampur.

besides his academic andeavours ,Batra also dabbled in a variety of his school, which he represented at the national level during the youth parliamentary competitions in Delhi .he also represented his school and college in table tennis at all india KVA national .he also was a greenbelt holder in karate and to attend a national level camp in Manali .

after completing his class XII bord examinations in 1992 from central school ,he attended DAV college ,Chandigarh in BSc medical sciences .at college ,he joined the air wing of the national cadet corps (NCC) while he was in his first year. during the inter- state NCC camp, he was adjudged the best NCC air wing cadet of Punjab directorate in north zone . he was selected and underwent a 40-day paratrooping training with his NCC air wing unit at pin Jore airfield and flying club ,about 35 kilometers away from Chandigarh. during the next two years in DAV , he remained a cadet of the army wing of NCC . in addition ,he was the president of the youth service club of his college.

he afterward qualification for the c certificate in the NCC and attained the rank of senior under officer in his NCC unit .subsequently .in 1994,he was selected and took part in the republic day parade as an NCC cadet ,and when he come home ,he told his parent that he wanted to join the army .his maternal grandfather was also a soldier in the indian army .in 1995,while still in college ,he was selected for the merchant navy at a shipping company headquartered in Hong Kong, but ultimately he changed his mind ,aspiring to do something great, something extraordinary ,which may bring fame to my country .that same year he completed his bachelors degree, graduating from DAV college in Chandigarh.

following completion of his bachelors degree in 1995, he enrolled at Panjab university in Chandigarh, where he took admission in MA English course ,so that he could prepare for the combined defence service (CDS) examination. he attended evening classes at the university and worked part- time in the morning as a branch manager of a travelling agency in Chandigarh.

Indian navy

the indian navy is the maritime branch of the indian armed force. the president of india is the supreme commander of the india navy. The chief of naval staff, a four star admiral, commands the navy as ,the strait of Malacca, and routinely conducts anti- piracy operations with other navies in the reginal ,it also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the south and east China seas as well as in the western mediterranean sea simultaneously.

the primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation s maritime borders ,and in conjunction with other armed forces of the union, act to defect any threats or aggression against the territory ,people or maritime interests of india. both in war and peace. through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions ,including disaster relief, the indian navy promotes bilateral relations between nations .since October 2008,the indian navy keep s at least one frontline warship on continuous deployment in the gulf of Aden.

as of June 2019,the indian navy has 67,252 active and 75,000 reserve personnel in service and 300 aircraft . as of September 2022,the operation fleet consists of 2 active aircraft carriers and 1 amphibious transport dock,4 landing ship tanks, 8 landing craft utility,14 destroyers ,14 frigates,2 ballistic missile submarines,16 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 18 corvettes, one mini countermeasure vessel ,4 fleet tankers and numerous other auxiliary ships .it is considered as a multi- regional power projection blue- water navy.

history

early maritime history.

the .maritime history of india dates back 6,000 years to the pre-Indus valley civilisation .a Kutch mariners log book from 19th century record that the Dirth tidal dock in india was Buit at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus valley civilisation ,near the present -day hatbox of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast .the rig Veda credits Varuna , the Hindu god of water and the celestial ocean, with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes the use of ships having hundred oars in the naval expedition by Indians. there are also references to the stabilise the vessel during storms. Plava are considered to the precursors of modern-day stabilisers.

alexander the great ,during his campaigns in india ,built a harbour at the ancient city of Patajo, which has been Hyphothzied to be the present day city of Thatte. his army retreated to Mesopotamia using ships built, record show that emperor of Maurya empire , Chandragupta an admiralty division .many historians from ancient india recorded indian trade relations .indian trade reached java and Sumatra. there were also references to the trade routes of countries in the pacific and indian ocean .india also had trade relations with the Greeks and the romans .at one instance roman history Gaius Plinius Secundus mentioned indian traders carrying away large masses of gold and silver from Rome, in sandal wood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.

indian air force.

well come to indian air force .

the indian air force (IMA) is the air arm of the indian armed forces. Its primary mission is to secure indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflicts.it was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of British india which honoured Indians aviation service during world war.

since 1950,the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan .other major operations undertaken by the IAF include operation Vijay ,operation meghdoot , operation cactus and operation Poo Malai. the IAFs mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating in united nations peacekeeping missions .

the president of the india holders the rank of supreme commander of the IAF .as of 1 January 2025m,135,000 personnel are in service with the indian air force .the chief of the air staff, an air chief marshal ,is a four-star officer and is responsible for the bulk of operational command of the air force. there is never more then one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF .the rank of marshal of the air force has been conferred by the president of Indian the occasion 2002, Singh became the first and so far, only five -star rank officer of the IAF.

mission.

the IAFs mission is defined by the armed forces act of 1947 ,the constitution of indian , and the air force act of 1950. it decrees that in the aerial battlespace :

defence of india and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.

* the primary objective of IAF is to defend the nation and its airspace against air threats in coordination with army and navy.

*the secondary purpose is to assist civil power during natural calamities and internal disturbances.

*the IAF provides close air support to the indian army troops in the battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.

*IAF also provides strategic air lift or secondary airlift for the indian army.

*the IAF also operates the integrated space cell together with the other two branches of the indian armed forces, the department of space and the indian space research organization (ISRO).

*Resucue of civilians during natural from disasters

*evacuation of indian nationals from foreign countries in case of instability or other problems.

in practice ,this is as a directive meaning the IAF Bearbs the responsibility of safeguarding indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces .the IAF provides close air support to the indian army troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. The Intergrated space cell is operated by the indian armed forces the IAF provides close air support to the indian army troops an the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical aircraft capabilities . the integrated space cell is operated by the indian armed forces ,the civilian department of space, and the indian space research organisation .by uniting the civilian run space exploration organisations and the military faculty under a single integrated space cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from innovation in the civilian sector of space exploration ,and the civilian department benefit as well.

the indian air force ,with highly trained crews, pilots ,and access to modern military assets provides india with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation ,search -and -rescue (SAR) operations, and delivery of relief supplies to affects areas via cargo aircraft ,the IAF provide extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998,the tsunami in 2004, and north india floods in 2013 . the IAF has undertaken relief missions such as operation rainbow in Sri Lanka.

HISTORY.

FARMATION AND EARLY PILOTS

the indian air force was established on 8 October 1932 in British india as an auxiliary air force of the royal air force .the enactment of the indian air force act 1932 stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the royal air force uniforms ,badges ,prevents and insignia . on 1 squadron ,with four Westland wapiti biplanes and five indian pilots .the indian pilots were led by British RAF commanding officer flight lieutenant (later air vice marshal) Cecil Bouchier.

world war 2 (1939-1945)

during world war 2,the IAF played an instrument Rolain halting the advance of the Japanese army in Burma, where the first the first IAF air strike was executed .the target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in Arakan ,after which IAF strike which IAF strike mission continued against the Japanese air based at Mae Hong son ,Chiang Mai and Chiang rai in norther Thailand.

Dassault rafale.

well come to rafale aircraft.

the Dassault literally meaning gust of wind ,or burst of

fire in a more military sense is a French twin- engine, canard and built wing ,multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault aviation .equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafel in intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction ,deterrence minces and missions .it is referred to as an omnirole aircraft by Dassault.

in the late 1970s ,the French air force and French navy sought to replace and consolidate their existing fleets of aircraft . in order to reduce development into an arrangement with the uk, Germany ,lately and Spain to produce an agile multi -purpose future European fighter aircraft (which would become the Eurofighter typhoon) subsequent disagreements over workshare and differing requirements led France to pursue its own development programme .Dassault built a technology demonstrator that first flew in July 1986 as part of an eight -year flight-test programme, paving the way for approval of the project.

the rafale is district from other european fighters of its era in that it is almost entirely built by one country,involving most of france s major defence contractors ,such as dassault and Safran .many of the aircrafts avionics and feature,such as dassault ,thales and safran .many of the aircrafts avionicse and features ,such as direct voice input,the RBE2AA Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and the optronique secteur frontal infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor,were domestically developed and produced for the rafale programme originally scheduled to enter service in 1996, the rafale suffered significant delays due to post -cold war budget cuts and changes in priorities.there are three main variants : rafel c single c single -seat land-based version,rafale b twin-seat land -based version and rafale m single m single-seat carrier-based version.

introduced in 2001,the rafal is being produced for both the french air force and for carrier-based operations in the french navy .it has been marketed for export to several countries,and was selected for purchase by the egyptian air force ,the indian navy,the qatar air force, the hellenic air force,the croatian air force,the indonesian air force,the united arab emirates air force and the serbian air force .the rafale is considered one of the most advenced and capable warplanes in the world,and among the the most successful internationally.it has been used in combat over afghanistan, libya,mali,iraq ,syria by indian near its border with pakistan.

development.

in the mid-1970s the Franch air craft and French navy separate requirements for a new generation of fighters to replace those in or about to enter service. Because their requirement were similar ,and to reduce cost ,both services issued a common request for proposal.in 1975 ,the country's ministry of aviation initiated studies for aircraft optimized for differing roles .

the rafale aircraft development programme was the end product of efforts by various european countries for a common fighter aircraft. in 1970 ,dassault-breguet (later dassault aviation ) joined the MBB/BAe european collaborative fighter project which was renamed the european combat aircraft (ECA) .the company contributed the aerodynamic layout of a prosepective twin-engine ,single -seat fighter country .in 1983,the future european fighter (FEFA) program was initiated ,bringing together together france ,italy ,spain ,west germany .

indian army Mukund Varadarajan.

well come to Mukund Varadarajan life history.

Mukund Varadarajan AC (12 April 1983 - 25 April 2014) was an indian army officer . he was a commissioned officer in the indian army's Rajput regiment. he was killed in action during a center terrorism operation while on deputation to the 44th Rastriya rifles battalion in Jammu and kashmir .he was posthumously awarded the Ashoka chakra , Indians highest peacetime decoration ,for his action .

Mukund Varadarajan

born in 1983 in a Tamil family in Kozhikode, Mukund completed his college in 2004 before joining the officers training academy of the indian army . he was commissioned as lieutenant in 2006,and was promoted to captain in October 2008.he served at the infantry school Mhow and was part of a united nationals mission in Lebanon .he was later promoted to the rank of major in 2012 and was deputed to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya rifles.

best offer in Flipkart.

born in 1983 in a Tamil family in Kozhikode, Mukund completed his college in 2004 before joining the officers training academy of the indian army .he was promoted to captain in October 2008.he served at the infantry school in Mhow and was part of a united nations mission in Lebanon. He was later was deputed to the rank of major in 2012 and was to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya defiles.

in June 2013 ,Mukund killed Altaf Baba, then commander of Jaish -e-Mohammed in south Kashmir ,when a group of terrorists attacked Mukund's army convoy .on 25 April 2014, Mukund led his team to Qazipathri in southern Kashmir ,to engage with Altaf Wani, who had replaced alfa baba as the local commander of the terrorists had killed electoral officers during the 2014 indian general election Mukund and sepoy Vikram Singh killed all the three terrorists in the ensuing gunfight. however ,both the army men were also killed in the battle.

on 1 June 2015 ,a bust of Mukund was unveiled at the premises of the officer training academy in Chennai .in 2024 ,a Tamil biographical film Amarna ,which was based on his life ,was released.

early and personal life.

Mukund Varadarajan was born on 12 April 1983 in a Tamil to R Varadarajan and Geetha Varadarajan in Kozhikode, Kerala, india . Mukund and his family moved to Tambaram in Chennai after his father got job in indian overseas bank . Mukunda received his bachelor of commerce from sir Chandrasekhar Endra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya at Kanchipuram and a diploma in journalism from the madras Christian college .he worked at a BPO center for sometime before he decide to join the indian armed force s. his grandfather Raghav Achari and two of his uncles also served in the indian army and this motivated him to join the armed forces.

Mukund had two siblings. he married Indhu Rebecca Varghese in 2009,and the couple have a daughter.

career

Mukund joined the officers training academy in Chennai in 2004.after graduating ,he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Rajput regiment on 18 march 2006 . on 18 march 2006, he was granted a regular commission with the rank of lieutenant, and received an ante-dated promotion to captain from 18 October 2008.he served at the infantry school in Momaday Pradesh and was part of a united nations mission in Lebanon. he was promoted to major on 18 October 2012 and was deputed to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya rifles in scorpion district of Jammu and Kashmir.

S -400 missile system .in indian military.

well come S-400 missile system.

S-400 TRIUMF launch vehicle.
type :mobile long -range surface -to
air/anti-ballistic missile system.

the s-400 triumph ( Russian C - 400 triumph ; NATO reporting name : SA-21 growler ) previously known as the S- 200 PMU -3, is a mobile surface -to air missile (SAM ) system developed in the 1990s by Russia NPO Almaz as an upgrade to the S -300 family of missiles .the s-400 was approved for service on 28 April 2007 and the first battalion of the systems assumed combat duty on 6 august 2007 .the system is complemented by its successor ,the s-500.

development.

the development of the s -400 began in the early 1980s to replace the s-200 missile system, but was rejected by a state commission due to high cost and inability to address the threat of cruise missiles.in the late 1980s the programme was revived in under the codename TRIUMF as a system capable of engaging aircraft at long range plus cruise missiles and stealth aircraft .the soviet government approved the TRIUMF programme on 22 august 1991, but the collapse of the soviet union put development into limbo.it was announced by the Russian air force in January 1993. on 12 February 1999 successful tests were reported at Kapustin yar in astrakhan, and the s-400 was scheduled for deployment by officially revived on 7 July 1999,albeit as a modernization of the s-300PM rather then an s-200 replacement. Alexander Lemansky of Almaz -Antey was the chief engineer on the s-400 project.

in 2003, it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment . in august , two high - ranking military officials expressed concern that the s-400 was being tested with older interceptors from the s-300p system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment .the completion of the project was announced in February 2004.in April, a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile . the system was approved for service by the government on 28 April 2007 .Russia had accepted for service system, a source in the domestic defense industry told TASS news agency in October 2018.

structure.

PBU 55K6E command centre.

s-400 missile systems are organized around the 30K6E administration system, which can coordinate eight Divizions (battalions ) . the 55K6E is a command and control center based on the Ural- 532301 vehicle. The 91N6E is a panoramic radar detection system with a 340 km(210 mi) range and protection against jamming ,and is mounted on MZKT-7930 vehicle. Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface -to -air missile systems (an independent combat system ) can track no more then six target on their own , with an additional two battalions if they are within a 40-kilometre (25 mi) range .the 92N6E (or 92N2E) is a multi -functional radar with a 340-kilometre ( 210 mi ) range ,which can track 20 targets. the 5P85SE2 on a trailer (up to 12 launchers0 are used for launch .the ultra -long -range 40N6E missiles have been authorized by a Russian presidential decree.

missiles.

one system comprising eight divizion (battalions ) can control 72 launchers ,with a maximum of 384 missiles (including missiles with a range of less then 250 km (160 mi) .a gas system launches missiles from launch tubes .at 30 metres (98 ft) downrange rocket motor Ingnition activates.in April 2015,a successful test firing of the missile was conducted at an airborne target at a range of 400 km 9250 mi) transporter erector launchers (TELs) carrying the long -range 40N6 may only hold two missiles instead of the typical four due to their large size . another test recorded a 9M96 missile using an active radar homing head that reached a altitude of 56 km (35 mi) .all missiles are equipped with directed explosion warheads, which increases the probability of complete destruction of aerial targets but are less effective against ballistic targets. in 2016 , Russian anti- aircraft missile troops received upgraded missiles for S-300 and S-400 defence systems. The anti-aircraft version of the missile system, designed to destroy aircraft, cruise and ballistic missiles, ,can also be used against ground targets. The S -400 is able to intercept cruise missile at a range of only about 40 km (25 mi) due to their low-altitude flight paths.

sam mahadur

well come to the Sam bahadur.

field marshal Sam hormesis Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw MC ( 3 April 1914-june 27, 2008) ,also known as Sam bahadur ( the brave ) was an indian army general officer who was the chief of the army staff during the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971, and the first indian army officer to be promoted to the rank of field marshal. his active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in world war 2.

Manekshaw joined the first intake of the indian military academy at Dehradun in 1932.he was commissioned into the 4th battalion, 12th frontier force regiment . in world war 2, he was awarded the military cross for gallantry . following the partition of india in 1947, he was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during the 1947 Indo -Pakistani war and the Hyderabad crisis, and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. he was promoted to the rank of brigadier while serving at the military operations directorate. he became the commander of 167 infantry brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the director of military training at the army headquarters.

after completing the higher command course at the imperial defence college ,he was appointed the general officer commanding of the 26th infantry division. He also served as the commandant of the defence services staff college. in 1962 ,he was accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually found innocent but thus could not serve in the 1962 war .in 1963,manekshaw was promoted to the rank of army commander and took over western command. in this role ,in 1967,he was involved in the first indian victory against a Chinese offensive during the Nathu la and Cho la clashes.

Manekshaw was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest indian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram. Manekshaw became the seventh chief of army staff in 1969.undernhis command ,indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong regular army of Pakistan in the creation of Bangladesh in December 1972 for his services to the rank of field marshal in January 1973, the rank of field marshal in January 1973,the post, second being K. M Cariappa. he retired to 15 January 1973 (also celebrated as army day) .he died on 27 June 2008,at the age of 94,due to respiratory problems.

Manekshaw

early life and family.

Sam Maniksha was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar to Hormazd (1871-1964) , a doctor ,and Hilla, nee Mehta (1885-1970).both of his parents were parses echo had moved to Amritsar from the city of Valsad in coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw s parents had left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore, where his father was going to start practising medicine however ,when their train halted at Amritsar station , Hilla found it impossible to travel any further due to her advanced pregnancy .after hilla had recovered from child birth ,the couple decided to stay in Amritsar ,where Hormazd soon set up a clinic and pharmacy .the couple had four sons (fail,jan, sam and Jami) and two daughters (Cilla and Sheru).Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son.

during world war 2, Hormazd had served in the British indian army as a captain in the indian medical service (now the army medical corps).Manekshaws elder brother fail and Jan became engineers , while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaws younger brother Jami became a doctor and served in the royal indian air force as a medical officer.in 1948,jami became the first indian to be awarded air surgeons wing from naval air station Pensacola in the united states, after completing a training course there. Jami joined his elder brother,sam ,in becoming a flag officer ,and retired as an air vice marshal in the indian air force.

CHIEF OF ARMY STAFF

gen P.P kumara Mangalam retired as the chief as the chief of army staff (COAS) in jane 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the army staff on 08 June 1969. during his tenure ,he was in atramental in stopping a plan to reserve quotas in the army for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. though he was a Parsi, a minority in india, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the army and believed all must be given an equal chance.

education.

Manekshaw completed his primary schooling in Punjab, and then joined Sherwood college , nainital.in 1931,he passed his senior high school examinations with distinction .he then asked his father to send him to send to Landon to study medicine ,but father refused as he was not old enough .his father was already supporting Sams elder brother who were studying engineering in London . Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha college (now the Hindu college Amritsar ) and graduated in April 1932.

a formal notification for the entrance examination to enrol in the newly established indian military academy.(IMA) was issued in the early months of 1932. examinations were scheduled for June or july.in an act of rebellion against his fathers refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat for the entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932,he was one of the fifteen cadets be selected through an open competition, and placed sixth in the order of merit.

indian military academy.

Manekshaw was part of the first batch of cadets at the IMA .called the pioneers, this batch also included Amith dun and Muhammad muse khan. The future commanders -in -chief of Burma and Pakistan ,respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932,the cadets military training commenced on 1 October 1932 .as an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve a number of distinction : the only one to attain the rank of field marshal . the commandant of the academy during this period was brigadier Lionel peter Collins. Manekshaw was almost suspended from the academy when he went to Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the maharaja of Kapurthala ) and haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not return in time for the morning drills.

of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA ,only 22 completed the course: they were commissioned as second lieutenants on 1 February 1935. some of his batchmates were dewan Ranjit rai: Mohan Singh ,the founder of the indian national army

mojar sandeeo unnikrishnan,

well come to indian most powerful nsg commando ,

major sandeep unnikrishnan.

sandeep unnikrishnan.

major sandeep unnikrishna , AC march 15 ,1977 -28 november 2008.was an indian army officer ,who was serving in the 51 special group of the national security group of national security guard on deputation .he was killed in action during the 2008 mumbai attacks and was posthumously awarded the ashola chakra , indias highest peacetime gallantry award ,on 26 january 2009.

early and personal life .

maj. sandeep unnikrishnan, AC came from a malayali family residing in bangaluru, where they had moved from kozhikode,kerala.he was the only son of retired ISRO officer k.unnikrishnan and dhanalakshmi unnikrishnan.

maj.unnikrishnan attended the frank anthony public school , bangaluru , graduating in 1995 in the ISC science stream . he wantwd to join the armed forces from childhood .he was married

to neha.

military career

maj. sandeep unnikrishnan, AC (p) joined the national defence academy (indian) (nda), pune ,maharashtra in 1995. he was a part of the oscar squadron (no.4 battalion ) and a graduate of the 94 th course NDA .he held a bachelor of arts degree .

in the indian military academy (IMA) dehradun ,he was part of the 104th regular cource .on 12 june 1999, he graduated from the IMA and got commissioned as lieutenant in the 7th battalion of the bihar regiment ( infantry) of indian army . during operetion vijay in july 1999, he was regarded positively at the forword posts in the face of heavy artillery firing and small arms fire by pakistan troops . on the evening of 31 december 1999, he led a team of six soldiers and established a post 200 metres from the opposing side and under direct observation and fire .

he received a substantive promotion to captain on 12 june 2003, followed by promotion by promotion to the rank of major on 13 june 2005. during the chatak course ( at the infantry wing commando school, belgaum), he topped the course twice earning an instructor grading and a commendation.

he was also trained at the high altitude warfare school , gulmarg . after serving in different locations including siachen , jammu and kashmir , 'gujarat (during 2002 gujarat riots ),hyderabad and rajastan ,he was selected to join the national security guards .on completion of training ,he was assigned as the training officer of the 51 special action group (51 SAG ) of NSG ,in january 2007 and also participated in various operations of the NSG .

M .chinnaswamy stadium.

well come to chinnaswamy stadium

M.chinnaswamy stadium
bengaluru
M.chinnaswamy stadium ,
karnataka state cricket association , mahatma
gandhi road ,bangalore
560001.

About

also knows as : karnataka state cricket association stadium, chinnaswamy stadium

estabished : 1969

capacity : 40,000

end names : pavilion end ,BEML and `

flood light : yes

home teams : karnataka

indian cricket stadium.

M. chinnaswamy stadium location , parking ,and facilities to guide.

M. chinnaswamy stadium is located in bengaluru , karnataka , india .it was established in 1969 and officially inaugurated in 1974 stadium was originally named karnataka state cricket association stadium but was later renamed in honor of M. Chinnaswamy ,a former BCCI president and influential figure in karnataka cricket .the stadium has a seating capacity of approximately 40,000 spectators and is the to the karnataka state cricket team and the indian premier league (IPL) franchise royal challengers bangalore.

it also witnessed indias first one day international (ODI)match on september 6,1982 against sri lanka .among its record the highest test partnership at this venue is 410 runs, achived by virender sehwag and rahul dravid against pakistan in 2005 . the pitch is known for its bounce and pace , offering a balanced advantage to both batsmen and bowlers.

as the home ground for the royal challengers bangaluru(RCB) in the indian primier league (IPL) and the karnataka state cricket state cricket team , M . chinnaswamy stadium provides an electrifying atmosphere during IPL matches , with enthusiastic crowds adding to the exitement . the stadium is also noteble for its environmental initives,being the first in india to install solar panels ,reflecting its commitment to sustainability.

the M . chinnaswamy stadium ,also known as the karnataka state cricket association stadium, is a cricket stadium in the bengaluru city of the indian state of karnataka .the group is owned by the government of karnataka and operated by the karnataka state cricket association (KSCA)

flanked by the picturesque cubbon park, queens road ,cubbon and uptown MG road ,this five -decade-old stadium is situated in the heart of the city of bangalore.
it regularly hosts test ,ODI ,T20I and first -class cricket matches ,as well as musical, cultural events.

karnataka

well come to karnataka

karnataka is a formed as southwestern region of india. it was formed as mysore state on 1 november 1956 ,with the passage of the states reorganisation act, and renamed karnataka in 1973 . the state is bordered by the lakshadweep sea to the west , goa to the northwest , maharashtra to the north , telangana to the northest , andhra pradesh to the east ,tamil nadu to the southest ,and kerala to the southweat .with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, karnataka is the eight - largest state by population ,

comprising 31 districts .with 15,257,000 residents ,the state capital bengaluru

is the largest city of karnataka.

the economy of karnataka is among the most production .in the city with a gross .state domestic (GSDP) of 25.01 trillon (US 300 BILLION) and a per capita GSDP of 332,926 for the finacial year. after bengaluru ubran , dakshin kannada ,hubli - dharwad and belagavi districts contribute the highest revenue to the state respectively . the capital of the state , bengaluru ,is kown as the silicon valley of india, for its immense contributions to the countrys information technology sector. a total of 1973m companies in the state were found to have been involved in the IT sector as of 2007

karnataka is the only southern state to have land borders with all of the other four southern indian sister stetes .the state covers an area of 191,791km ,or 5.83 per cent of the total geographical area of india.it is the sixth -largest indian state by area. kannada , one of the classical languages of india, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.other minority languages spoken include urdu,konkani,marathi ,tulu,tamil,telugu ,malayalam,kodava and beary . karnataka also contains some of the only villages in india where sankrit is primarily spoken.

though several etymologies have been suggested for the name karnataka,the generally accepted one is that karnataka is derived from the kannada words karu and nadu ,meaning elevated land karu nadu may also be read as karu ,meaning block and nadu, meaning region as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the word carnatic ,sometimes karnataka ,to describe both sides of peninsular india,south of the krishna .with an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic ,karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio - religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day . karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of indian classical music , the carnatic and hindustani traditions.

history

karnataka s per -history goes back to a paleolithic hand -axe culture evidenced by discoveries of , among other thing ,hand axes and cleavers in the region . evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found to be imported from .

prior to the third century BCE ,most of karnataka formed part of the mauryan empire of emperor ashoka . four centuries of satavahana rule followed , allowing them to control large areas of karnataka . the decline of satavahana power led to the rise of the rise of the earliest native kingdoms ,the kadambas and the western ganga dynasty was formed with talakad as its capital.

subhas chandra bose ( life history )

well come to subhas chandra bose.

subhas chandra bose ( 23 january 1897-18 august 1945) was an indian natinalist whose defiance of british authority in india made him a hero among many indians ,but his wartime alliances with nazi germany and fascist japan left a legacy vexed by authoritarianism , anti- semitism and military failure . the honorific netaji was first applied to bose in germany in early 1942-by the indian soldier of the indische legion and by the german and india officials in berlin. it is now used throughout indian.

bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large bengali family in orissa during the british raj. the early recipiet of an anglo-centric eduction , he was sent after college to england to take the indian civil service examination .he succeeded with distinction in the first exam but demurred at taking the routine final exam , citing nationalism to be the higher calling. returning to india in led by mahatma gandhi and the indian national congress .he followed jawaharlal neharu to leadership in a group within the congrees which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism.

in april 1941 bose arrived in nazi germany , where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for indians independence .german funds were employed to open a free india centre in berlin . A 3,000 -strong free indian legion was recruited from among indian POWs captured by Erwin rommel s afrika korps to serve under bose . although peripheral to their main gols ,the germans inco.

biography

subhas chandra bose was born to benhali parents prabhabati bose and janakinath bose on 23 january 1897 in cuttack -in what is today the state of odisha in what is the bengal presidency in british india . prabhabati or familierly the anchor of family life ,had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter .subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son .jankinath , a successful lawyer and goverament pleader ,was loyal to the government of british india and scrupulous about matters of langusge and law .a self - made man from the rural outskirts of calcutta , he had remained in touch with his roots ,returning annually to his village during the pooja holidays .

following his five olders brothers, base entered the baptist mission protestant european school in cuttack in january 1902. english was the medium of all instruction in the scool ,the majority of all instruction in the scool ,the majority of the student being european or anglo indians of mixed british and indian

ancestry .the curriciculs included english- correctly written and spoken - latin , the bible ,good manners, british geography ,and british history : no indian languages were taught . the choice of the the school was janakinaths who wantwd his sons to speak flawless english with flawless intonation,believing both to be important for access to the british in india. the school contrasted with subhas home ,where only bengali was spoken .at home ,his mother worshipped the hindu goddesses durga and kali,told stories from the epics mahabharata and ramayana ,and sang bengali religious songs. from her, subhas imbided a nurturing spirit,looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys. his father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life ,was a distant presence in a large family ,causing subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood. still, janakinath read english literature avidly - john milton ,william cowper , matthew arnold ,and shakespeare s hamlet being among his favourites ; several of his sons were to become english literature enthusiasts like him.