Lan Cardozo.

 well come to Lan Cardozo ,indian army officer.

major general Lan Cardozo AVSM SM  is a former indian army officer. He was the first war- disabled  of  the indian army  to  command a brigade. he is amputee due to a war injury.

early life.

Lan Cardozo was born to Vincent Cardozo and Diana (nee de Souza) Cardozo in 1937 in Bombay ,Bombay presidency, British india. he studied at st.xaviers high school, fort and St. Xavier's college, Mumbai.

military career .

Cardozo graduated from the national defence academy and then  attended the  indian  military  academy, from where he joined the 5 Gurkha rifles (frontier force) and  he was  commissioned and later commanded the 1th battalion of the 5th regiment of gorkha rifles aka 1/5g (ff) or 1/5 Gurkha  rifles. He has also served with 4/5 gorkha rifles and has fought two wars alongiside them-indo-Pakistani war of 1965 and the indo-pakistani war of 1971. he is the  first NDA cadet to receive both gold and silver medals. The  gold  medal is given to the cadet of the passing out course for best all round performance.

the silver medal is given to the cadet who in order of merit .for the first time in the  history of the national defence academy, the  cadet who was awarded the gold medal was also first in order of merit. this has happened only one more time thereafter.(source: general himself and from his profit)

    pakistani-bangladesh war of 1971.

at the outbreak of the  Pakistani- Bangladesh war of 1971,cardozo was attending a course at the defence services staff college, wellington. his battalion, 4/5 Gorkha rifles ,was already deployed in the eastern theatre of operations. the battalion second-in -command was killed in citron and  Cardozo was ordered to replace him. He arrived at his  battalion in time  to accompany them on the  indian army's first heliborne  operation during the battle of Sylhet. he was popularly named cartoons sahib by his Gorkha regiment as they found it difficult to pronounce his first name .cartoons means a cartridge in Hindi.

after the fall of dhaks, Cardozo stepped on a land mine and his  leg was critically injured .due to non-availability of morphine or pethidine, and absence of medics ,his  leg could not be amputated surgically .he subsequently used his khukri to amputate his own leg. afterwards, his unit captured a Pakistan army Surgeon .Muhammad Basheer ,who operated on Cardozo. however, the veracity of the  account has  been questioned by brigadier (retd) rattan Kaul stating that Cardozo stepped on a mine set up by his own forces ,Hince was a battle accident casualty and was brought to battalion medical post and captain DK Sengupta, regimental medical officer was the one who cut hanging ligament, later, a Pakistani surgeon amputated his ankle in a Pakistani hospital in Sylhet. According to rattan Kaul, there were several witnesses to the event.  rattan Kalus version was also produced at the instance of press council of india in newspaper, the Hindu on august 2,2023.

Jaswant Singh Rawat.(indian army )

 well come to Jaswant Singh Rawat.

rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, MVC (19 august 1941-17 November 1962) was an indian soldier and a posthumous recipient of the prestigious maha Vir chakra of which  he was awarded for his actions of valor during the battle of Nuranang in the Sino- Indian war.

rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat
born:19 august 1941
Dhumakot, Pauri Garhwal, British India
died: 17 November 1962 (aged 21)
Nuranang, North-East Frontier Agency, India.
allegiance:  republic of india 
service: Indian army
branch:
years of :1961-62
service:
rank: rifleman
unit:4th Garhwal rifles
battles/war: Sino -Indian war
awards: Maha Vir chakra.

Sino-india war: battle of Nuranang.

see also: battel of Galwan, battle of Pangong ,battle of Rezang la, battle of Gurung hill, and battel of nuranang and sela pass

during the battle of nuranang on 17.

Jaswant Garharb memorial, Jaswantgarh,
Arunachal Pradesh.

novemberb1962 in the north -east frontier agency ( now  Arunachal Pradesh), the rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat was serving in the 4th battalion of 4th Garhwal rifles regiment. On that day, the 4th Garhwal rifles had beaten back two peoples liberation army charges on  their position . during a third intrusion, a Chinese medium machine gun (MMG) had come close to the indian defenses and was firing accurately at their positions. rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, along with lance naik Trilok Singh Negi and rifleman Gopal Singh Gosain volunteered to subdue the MMG .Rawat and Gosain, aided by covering fire from Negi closed within a grenade- throwing distance of the machine gun position and neutralized the Chinese detachment of five sentries, seizing the MMG in the process. however, while returning ,Gosain and Negi lost their lives and Rawat was seriously injured, although he managed to return with the  captured weapon. the battle resulted in 300 Chinese casualties, whereas the 4th Garhwal rifles lost two men and had eight wounded.

rewets company eventually decided to fall back ,but Rawat remained and kept up the fight with the help of local monoa girls named sela and Nura (Noora).later, Sela was killed and Noora captured .rushing from position to position, Rawat held off the enemy for 72 hours unit the Chinese then stormed a local supplier, who told them that  they were facing only one fighter. The Chinese then stormed Rawat s position, but  the exact details of his death are unclear. Some accounts claim that Rawat shot himself with his last round of ammunition: others state that he was taken prisoner and executed by the chinese.the war over. Sela pass, Sela tunnel and sela lake were named after sela in commemoration of her actions.

legacy: Jaswant garh memorial and post.

the bravery of Jaswant Rawat was honored by naming the army post held by him as the Jaswant garh post where he fended off  the peoples liberation army, and Jaswant garh war memorial was built at the post. memorial at the army post lies 52 km southeast of tawang and north of  tunnel on NH-13 trans - Arunachal highway s dirang -tawang section.

air india chief marshal ap singh.

 well come to marshal ap Singh.

the chief of the air staff (CAS)is a statutory office held by the professional head of the indian air force (IAF),the aerial branch of the indian armed forces. customarily held by a four-star air chief marshal, the CAS is the senior -most operational officer of the IAF ,mandated with the responsibilities of supervising the forces overall functioning during states of peace and wartime, committing to the establishment-cum-continuity of air deterrence and executing India's security objectives vis-a vis the  preservation of the country's air sovereignty.

being a permanent  member of the chiefs of staff committee (COSC) and the national security council (NSC), the CAS also bears the responsibility of advising the nations civilian leadership i.e., the government of india on all matters privy to the IAF .

statutorily, the CAS ranks 12th -overall in the indian order of precedence, and is the IAF s status-equivalent of the chief of defence staff, the chief of the army staff and the chief of the  naval staff- all three positions of which are also occupied by four-star officers from the armed forces.

description .

roles and responsibilities.

*  advising the central government on all matters privy to the IAF .

* coordinating various components of the IAF towards the protection -cum -realization of the nation s air sovereignty during states of armed conflict or war.

* providing direction towards the overall functioning of the  organizations facets, such as command, control, administration and strategy.

* convening courts-martial at the behest of the central government to review cases of misconduct during peace and wartime.

*reviewing the judicial sentencing and pleas of  officers convicted of  professional misconduct whilst in service.

* in addition to these responsibilities ,the CAS is also a permanent member of.

• chiefs of staff committee (COSC) 
• national security council (NSC)
• defence planning committee (DPC) 
• defence acquisition council(DAC)

the offices eminence in the aforementioned groups thus grants the appointee with the role to advice the minister of defence on the affairs related to the IAF s functioning and the promotion of an comprehensive integrated planning policy with respect to the affairs of tri-service integration, doctrinal strategy, capability development ,defence acquisition and infrastructure.

   structure.

as the professional head of the force ,the CAS is assisted by one subordinate officer and one principal staff officer, namely:

• subordinate
•           vice chief of the air staff (VCAS)
• Principal staff officer
•          deputy chief of the air staff (DCAS)   
•          air officer in charge of administration (AOA)
•          air officer in charge of personnel(AOP)
•          air officer in charge of maintenance(AOM)
• director -generals
• director general (inspection and safety)-DG(I AND S)
• director general air operation _DG(ops) 
• director general of works and ceremonial _DG(W AND C)
• director general (aircraft)-DG (AC)
• director general (systems)- DG(sys)
• director general of medical services (air) -DGMS (air)
• director general (administration)-DG(admin)
•          

     promotion.

initially ,beginning in the pre- independence era, until 1966, the office of CAS was held by a three- star air marshal: the first six chiefs in the post -independence IAF were  three -star air marshals. however, the  offices rank -specifications was raised to the four-star rank of chief marshal in January 1965,initially as a recognitive measure to air marshal arjun Singh the Indo- Pakistani war of 1965; every CAS -appointee since then has been an air chief marshal.

the move to appoint  a new  designate to the  position usually begins three months before the  change  -of - command , wherein the  ministry od defence (MoD) reviews the resumes of the IAF s senior -most air marshal which  regularly includes the vice chief of the air staff an at -most  three of the  air officer commanding -in -chiefs (AOC-IN-C ) of the  forces combatant commands. appointments to the position are made by minister of defence, upon recommendation from air HQ; appointees to the office are subsequently promoted to the rank of  air chief marshal.

since 1950,the senior-most air marshals in the IAFS command cadre have customarily been appointed as CAS, nevertheless ,this tradition has been broken twice, first in 1973-when then - air marshal om Prakash Mehara to supersede two senior officers, and  again in 1988-then -air marshal S.K. Mehra Superseded one senior officer to become CAS.

tenur.

during the initial years of the post -independence IAF, CAS -appointees were given one four-year term, with the possibility of extension: air marshal Subroto Mukherjee was the longest serving chief-at 6 years,7 months,7 days, and the only appointee to have ever received a second four-year term: nevertheless, he  unexpectedly died Halfwit through it.

currently, according to the regulations for the air force ,2000-a Cas-appointee reaches superannuation upon the completion of three years in the position or at the age of 62, whichever is  earlier. however, an  appointee may also be dismissed from office by the president of india before the conclusion of the tenure under section 18-19 of the air force act,1950 and article 310 of the constitution.

additionally, a CAS -appointee is  also eligible to be selected for the position of chief of defence staff (CDS),in accordance with the air force regulations, 2022-which prescribes that the designated nominee, in this case the CAS - appointee has ever been appointed as CDS.

    

captain Vikram Batra

 well come to captain Vikram Batra life history.

    captain Vikram Batra  (9 September 1974-7 July 1999) was an  indian army officer .he was posthumously awarded the param Vira chakra, the highest indian military decoration ,for his actions during the Kargil war; on 7 July 1999,batra was killed while fighting Pakistani troops around area ledge ,point 4875,in the Kargil district of erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir.

Vikram  Batra
official military portrait,1997
born:9 September 1997
Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
died: 7 July 1999 (aged 24)
Kargil, Jammu and Kashmir ,india.
allegiance :india
service/Branch: Indian army
years of service:1997-1999
rank: captain
service number:IC-57556H
unit:13 Jammu and Kashmir rifle 
battles/wars: Kargil war
battle of point 5140
battle of point 4875
awards: PARAM Vir chakra
alma mater: DAV college(BMSc)
Punjab university 
indian military academy.

early life and education.

Batra was born on 9 September 1974 in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. he was the third child of Gandhari Lal Batra, a government school principal, and Kamal Kenta Batra, a school teacher. the older of twin sons, he was born fourteen minutes before his  brother, Vishal. The   twins were nicknamed : luv (Vikram) and Kush (Vishal) ,after the  twin sons of the Hindu deity Rama, by their mother who  was a professed devotee of  Rama. he had two sister : Seema and  nutans. as a young child ,Batra received his primary education under the tutelage of his mother / he received his primary education at GPS tikri-mushehara in mandi district of Himachal Pradesh .he then  attended the D.A.V public school in palampur, where he studied up to middle standard. he received  his senior secondary education at central school in palampur.

besides his academic andeavours ,Batra also dabbled in a variety of his school, which he represented at the national level during  the  youth parliamentary competitions in Delhi .he also represented his  school and college in table  tennis at all india KVA national .he also was a greenbelt holder in  karate  and to attend a national level camp in Manali .

after completing his class XII bord examinations  in 1992 from central school ,he  attended DAV  college ,Chandigarh in BSc medical sciences .at  college ,he  joined the air wing of the national cadet corps (NCC) while he was in his first year. during the inter-  state NCC camp, he was adjudged the  best NCC air wing cadet of  Punjab directorate in north zone . he was selected and underwent a 40-day paratrooping training with his NCC air wing unit at pin Jore airfield and flying  club ,about 35 kilometers away from  Chandigarh. during the next two years in DAV , he  remained a cadet of the army wing of NCC . in addition ,he was the president of the youth service club of his college.

he afterward qualification for the c certificate in the NCC and attained the rank of senior under officer in his NCC unit .subsequently .in 1994,he was selected and took  part in the republic day parade as an NCC cadet ,and  when  he come home ,he told his parent that he wanted to join the army .his maternal grandfather was also a soldier in the indian army .in 1995,while still in college ,he was selected for the  merchant navy at a shipping company headquartered in Hong Kong, but ultimately he changed his mind ,aspiring to do something great, something extraordinary ,which may bring fame to my country .that same year he completed his bachelors degree, graduating from DAV college in Chandigarh.

following completion of his  bachelors degree in 1995, he enrolled at Panjab university in Chandigarh, where he took admission in MA English course ,so that he could prepare for the  combined defence service (CDS) examination. he attended evening classes at the  university and worked part- time in the morning as a branch manager of a travelling agency in Chandigarh.

Indian navy

    the indian navy is the maritime branch of the indian armed force. the president of india is the supreme commander of the india navy. The chief of naval staff, a four star admiral, commands the navy as ,the strait of Malacca, and  routinely conducts  anti- piracy  operations with  other navies in the reginal ,it  also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the south and east China seas as well as in the western mediterranean sea simultaneously.

the primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation s maritime borders ,and in conjunction with other armed forces  of the  union, act to defect any threats or aggression against the territory ,people or maritime interests of india. both in war and peace. through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions ,including disaster relief, the indian navy promotes bilateral relations between nations .since October 2008,the indian navy  keep  s at least one frontline warship on continuous deployment in the gulf of Aden.

      as of June 2019,the  indian navy has 67,252 active and 75,000 reserve personnel in service and 300 aircraft . as of September 2022,the operation fleet consists of 2 active  aircraft carriers and 1 amphibious transport  dock,4 landing ship tanks, 8 landing craft  utility,14 destroyers ,14 frigates,2 ballistic missile submarines,16 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 18 corvettes, one mini countermeasure vessel ,4 fleet tankers and numerous other auxiliary ships .it is considered as a multi- regional power projection blue- water navy.

history

early maritime history.

the .maritime history of india dates back 6,000 years to the pre-Indus valley civilisation .a Kutch mariners log book from 19th century record that  the Dirth tidal dock in india was  Buit at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus  valley civilisation ,near the present -day  hatbox of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast .the rig Veda credits Varuna , the  Hindu god of water and the celestial ocean, with knowledge  of the ocean routes and describes the use  of ships having hundred oars in the naval expedition by Indians. there are also references to the stabilise the vessel during storms. Plava are considered to the precursors of modern-day  stabilisers.

alexander the great ,during his campaigns in india ,built a harbour at the ancient city of Patajo, which has been Hyphothzied to be the present day city of  Thatte. his army retreated to  Mesopotamia using ships built, record show that emperor of Maurya empire , Chandragupta an admiralty division .many historians from ancient india recorded indian  trade  relations .indian trade reached java and Sumatra. there  were  also  references to the  trade routes  of countries in the  pacific and indian ocean .india also had trade  relations with  the Greeks and  the romans .at one  instance roman history  Gaius Plinius Secundus mentioned indian traders carrying away large  masses of  gold and  silver from Rome, in sandal wood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.

indian air force.

 well come to indian air force .

the indian air force (IMA) is the air arm of the indian armed forces. Its primary mission is to secure indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflicts.it was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of British india which honoured Indians aviation service during world war.

since 1950,the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan .other major operations undertaken by the IAF include operation Vijay ,operation meghdoot , operation cactus and operation Poo Malai. the IAFs mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating in united nations peacekeeping missions .

the president of the india holders the rank of supreme commander of the IAF .as of 1 January 2025m,135,000 personnel are in service with the indian air force .the chief of the air staff, an air chief marshal ,is a four-star officer and is responsible  for the bulk of operational command of the air force. there is never more then one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF .the rank of marshal of the air force has been conferred by the president of Indian the occasion 2002, Singh became the first and so far, only five -star rank officer of the IAF.

mission.

the IAFs mission is defined by the armed forces act of 1947 ,the constitution of indian , and the air force act of 1950. it decrees that in the aerial battlespace :

defence of india and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its  prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.

* the primary objective of IAF is to defend the nation and its airspace against air threats in coordination with army and navy.

*the secondary purpose is to assist civil power during natural calamities and internal disturbances.

*the IAF provides close air support to the indian army troops in the  battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.

*IAF also provides strategic air lift or secondary airlift for the indian army.

*the IAF also operates the integrated space cell together with  the  other two branches of the  indian armed forces, the  department of space and the indian space  research organization (ISRO).

*Resucue of civilians during natural from  disasters 

*evacuation of indian nationals from foreign countries in case of instability or other problems.

in practice ,this is as a directive  meaning the IAF Bearbs the responsibility of safeguarding indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces .the IAF provides close air support to the  indian army troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. The Intergrated space cell is operated by the indian armed forces the IAF  provides close air support to the indian army troops an the battlefield as well as strategic  and  tactical aircraft capabilities . the integrated space  cell is operated by the indian armed forces ,the civilian department of space, and the indian space research organisation .by uniting the civilian run space exploration organisations and the  military faculty under a single integrated space cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from  innovation in the  civilian sector of space exploration ,and  the civilian department benefit as well.

the indian air force ,with highly trained crews, pilots ,and access to modern military assets provides india with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation ,search -and -rescue (SAR) operations, and  delivery of relief supplies to affects areas via cargo  aircraft ,the IAF provide extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998,the tsunami in 2004, and north india floods in 2013 . the IAF has undertaken relief  missions such as operation rainbow in Sri Lanka.

HISTORY.

FARMATION AND EARLY PILOTS

the indian air force was established on 8 October 1932 in British india as an auxiliary air force of the royal air force .the enactment of the indian air force  act 1932  stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the royal air force uniforms ,badges ,prevents and insignia . on 1 squadron ,with four Westland wapiti biplanes and five indian pilots .the indian pilots  were led by British RAF commanding officer flight lieutenant (later air vice marshal) Cecil Bouchier.

world war 2 (1939-1945)

during world war 2,the IAF played an instrument Rolain halting the advance of  the Japanese army in Burma, where the first the first IAF air strike was executed .the target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in Arakan ,after which IAF strike which IAF strike mission continued against the Japanese air based at Mae Hong son ,Chiang Mai and Chiang rai in norther Thailand.

Dassault rafale.

 well come to rafale aircraft.

the Dassault literally meaning gust of wind ,or burst of 

fire in a more military sense is a French  twin- engine, canard and built wing ,multirole  fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault aviation .equipped with a wide  range of weapons, the Rafel in intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction ,deterrence minces and missions .it is referred to as an omnirole aircraft by Dassault.

in the late 1970s ,the French air force and French navy sought to replace and consolidate their existing fleets of aircraft . in order to  reduce  development into an arrangement with the uk, Germany ,lately and Spain to  produce an agile multi -purpose future European fighter aircraft (which  would become the Eurofighter typhoon) subsequent disagreements over workshare and differing requirements led France to pursue its own development programme .Dassault built a technology demonstrator that first flew in July 1986 as part of an eight -year flight-test programme, paving the way for approval of the project.

the rafale is district from other european fighters of its era in that it is almost entirely built by one country,involving most of france s major defence contractors ,such as dassault and Safran .many of the aircrafts avionics and feature,such as dassault ,thales and safran .many of the aircrafts avionicse and features ,such as direct voice input,the RBE2AA Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and the optronique secteur frontal infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor,were domestically developed and produced for  the rafale programme originally scheduled to enter service in 1996, the rafale suffered significant delays due to post -cold war budget cuts and changes in priorities.there are three main variants : rafel c single c single -seat land-based version,rafale b twin-seat land -based version and rafale m single m single-seat carrier-based version.

introduced in 2001,the rafal is being produced for both the french air force and for carrier-based operations in the french navy .it has been marketed for export to several countries,and was selected for purchase by the egyptian air force ,the indian navy,the qatar air force, the hellenic air force,the croatian air force,the indonesian air force,the united arab emirates air force and the serbian air force .the rafale is considered one of the most advenced and capable warplanes in the world,and among the the most successful internationally.it has been used in combat over afghanistan, libya,mali,iraq ,syria by indian near its border with pakistan.

development.

in the mid-1970s the Franch air craft and French navy separate requirements for a new  generation of fighters to replace those in or  about to enter service. Because their requirement were similar ,and to reduce cost ,both services issued a common request for proposal.in 1975 ,the country's ministry of aviation initiated studies for aircraft optimized for differing roles . 

the rafale aircraft development programme was the end product of efforts by various european countries for a common fighter aircraft. in 1970 ,dassault-breguet (later dassault aviation ) joined the MBB/BAe european collaborative fighter project which was renamed the european combat aircraft (ECA) .the company contributed the aerodynamic layout of a prosepective twin-engine ,single -seat fighter country .in 1983,the future european fighter (FEFA) program was initiated ,bringing together together france ,italy ,spain ,west germany .