palm cockatoo ( super brads).

 well come to palm cockatoo.

Also known as the goliath  cockatoo or great black cockato., is a large, smoky -grey / black parrot of the cockatoo family native to new guinea, the aru islands and the cape York peninsula in queensland, australia. It has a crest of long feather atop it's head, with a very large and strong, sharply -hooked black beak (with which it can easily open nuts and seeds), and prominent bright - red check patches. 

The palm cockatoo was formally described in 1788 by naturalist johann friedrich gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of carl linnaeus s system natural, in which he classified the bird  with other parrots in the  genus psittacus. gmelian based his description on the black cockatoo that had been described and illustrated in 1764 by english naturalist George

Edwards. Joan Gideon loten had provided edwards with a drawing of the birds by the Sri Lankan artist Pieter Cornelis de Bevere ;the original drawing by de bere is in the collection of the natural history museum ,London .

the palm cockatoo is ,now the only species within the genus probosciger that was introduced by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820. the generic name combines the Latin proboscis with -ger (meaning carrying) the specific  epithet aterrimus is modern latin, meaning very black . the accepted type locality is Aru islands .rather then northern Australia .

the palm cockatoo is a  member of the white  cockatoo  subfamily cacatuinae. earlier ,limited genetic studies found it to be the earliest offshoot from ancestors of what have  become the cockatoo family .

palm cockatoo was designated the official common name  for-the  species by international ornithological committee(IOC) .the bird was also referred to as the goliath Aratoo in woods natural history (1862) .it is sometimes given the  misnomer black macaw in aviculture, despite the  fact that  Macakatoo ( other than both birds belonging to the palm cockatoo)

description.

the palm cockatoo is 55 to 60 cm  (22 to 24) in length and weights 910-1200g ) (2.01- 2.65lb) .it may be the largest cockatoo species and largest parrot in Australia ,although large races of yellow-tailed black cockatoo s and sulphur- crested cockatoos broadly overlap in size .it is a distinctive bird with a large crest and has one of the largest bills of any parrot only the hyacinth macaws is large .this powerful bill enables palm cockatoos not only to eat very hard nuts and  seeds, but also enable s males to break off thick (about 1 in (2.5 cm ) Strick from live trees to use  for a drumming display .the male has a  larger beak then  the female .the beak is unusual, as the lower and  upper  mandibles do not meet  for  much of its  length, allowing the  tongue  to  hold  a  nut  against  the top mandible while the  lower  mandible works to open it . the palm cockatoo also has  a distinctive red cheek patch that changes colour when the  bird is alarmed or excited.

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karnataka : tiger deaths wildlife board member criticise foresters for negligence.!

 well come karnataka news ,

madikeri : state wildlife board member meriyanda sanketh poovaiah criticised forest department officials for their negligence, which led to the recent deaths of a tiger and four cubs at Meenyam in MM hills wildlife sanctuary in chamarajanagara district.

speaking to reporters,pooviah noted that despit a dedication national tiger conservation authority, such deaths occurred in a protected forest.he highlighted karnatakas position as the second ranked state with 563 tigers among 17 states showing increased tiger populations.

while tourists appreciate tiger sightings, villagers near forest boundaries live in constant fear of wildlife encounters. despite substantial union and state govt funding, forest officials failed to implement effective scientific measures,according to poovaiah.

hi pointed out that despite receving grants for forest protection and wildlife conservation,the departments resource utilisation remains inadequates. entry-level staff,recruitment through outsourcing as a rapid task force,elephant task force,and daily wage workers, lack proper training to work round -the -clock and ofter perform household duties for senior officials.

karnataka houses 32 wildlife ranges and 5 tiger reserves,with rising elephant populations in hassan, chikkamagaluru,mysuru,and kodagu districts. poovaiah emphasised the govts responsibility to address wildlife attacks ,noting that 56,000 people across 17 state are hospitalished due to such incidents.

five tiger-a mother and its cubs - were  found dead in the m.m .hills wildlife sanctuary in chamarajanagar district of karnataka on thursday (june 26) sending shock waves among conservationsts.

officials suspect it to be a case of poisoning ,the carcasses were found in the in the gajanur beat of the meenyam section which falls in the hoogyam range of the wildlif sanctuary .there was also a carcass of a cow close to to where the tigers were found dead. reinforcing the poison theory.

the incident is believed to have happened on Wednesday (June 25)and it came to light on Thursday.

the mother of the  cubs was believed to be around 11 years and was first camera - trapped in November 2014 when it was around 6 to 8 months old .

there is speculation that the tiger had killed a cow and dragged it inside the forest .it had partially consumed the kill and is suspected to have returned again by when some miscreants had poisoned the carcreants had poisoned the carcass, and consuming which the tiger and its cubs died.

minister for forests ecology and environment Eshwar B. Khandra has sought a report on the incident and said that the guilty would not be spared.

Bengaluru: in a shocking case reported from karnataka, a tigress and her 4 cubs were found dead in the male  Mahadeshwar hills wildlife sanctuary .officials termed it the worst single- day tiger deathroll at a single place .the forest officials suspect that deaths are a result of poisoning.

poison laced in tigers food officials.

officials said that the tigress had killed a cow just a few days ago . the officials suspect that the tigress and her cubs fed on a carcass which had been laced with poison. the carcass was a bait to kill the animals, they said .an autopsy is scheduled to be held on Friday ,which would confirm the cause of the death of the animals.

talking about the  deaths, karnataka forest minister Eshwar Khandra said ,five tiger s, including a mother tiger and four cubs ,have died at male Mahadeshwar  hills. I have  given order for a high-level enquiry. We are shocked and saddened by this incident .a post-mortem will be conducted  in accordance with the established protocol.

the enquiry report is to be submitted in 3 days. Sources quoted by the times of india said ,that human- animal complicate are on the rise in and around the MM hills area .it has reached such proportion that some villagers have tried to kill that some villagers have tried to kill the animals ,by resorting to tactics like poisoning and snaring.

Khandra said  that if the probe reveals negligence on part of the forest officials, or electrocution or electrocution or poisoning to have caused the animals death, those responsible would face the heat of the law. He said that criminal cases will be filed against the accused .

with 563 tigers, karnataka has the second highest population of predators in the country .just behind Madhya Pradesh . however wildlife watchers and conservationists have repeatedly warned that tiger habitats in the state are under pressure. the MM hills sanctuary has  not received the status of a tiger reserve for 15 years now. a tiger reserve status could limit commercials activities in the area and improve conservation efforts, according to experts.

live report- england and india face off cricket .

 well come to india vs England  cricket match.

a torturous kl innings comes to an end , reading a grim 2 off 26 deliverives.he has not looked comfortable, and was even losing his shape for leaves ,turning right around, Steve smith style, with both feet facing the bowler.

it was Chris Woakes who elicited that involuntary contortion, and its Woakes who bags the  wicket. a deserved one, too after a hat- trick of turned down LBW appeals, the second of which ,against Jaiswal on 12,was upheld after a DRS review following the narrowest of umpires call on the impact with the stumps.

Woakes has hit his groove and also and found a patch just in front of the right-hander that lifter a bit ,leading to KL defending onto his own stumps . Karun Nair, in at three after Sai Sudharsan's axing, almost does the same off his first delivery.

india vs England 2nd test: stokes wins toss, India make 3 changes at Edgbaston

the second test match between england and india is underway at engbastom,birmingham.england won the toss and opted to bowl first.

there are no changes to england playing XI ,as skipper ben stockes continues with the same squad that secrured a convincing win in the  first match of the series.

india ,however,have rung in the changes .sai subharsan  and shardul thakur have been left out, while pace ace jasprit bumrah is being rested ,in their place,nitish kumar reddy, washington sunder,and akash deep come into the side.

after suffering heavy defeat in the series opener,india are looking to bounce back ,but the challenge is steep-theyve never won a test at edgbaston,adding historical pressure to an already critical match.

Akash deep was included in India's playing final XI for the second test against England at Edgbaston. he stepped into the shoes of Jasprit Bumrah, who has been rested. 

the young fast bowler made an instant impact on his test debut in Ranchi, where he stunned England s top order with pace ,swing ,and control .he performance drew praise for his aggressive lines and ability to strike early.

now, with india looking to bounce back in the series, Akash deep is expected to take on a major role with the new ball .conditions at Edgbaston are likely to support his style of bowling ,offering him a chance to shine once  again on the international stage.

with his raw pace recent form, Akash deep will be central to India's bowling plans is this crucial test  match.

the only batsman in india playing XI who is likely to be out in the upcoming india vs England test is their new no3 Sai  Sudharsan .has set to make way for  an all-rounder Washington sunder, who will bat lower down the order. The other two changes are Nitish Reddy in place of Shardul thakur and Akash deep for Jasprit Bumrah ,the pacer rested as a workload management measure .

Washington and Reddy s inclusion in the squad means India, who are desperate to level  the series they are losing 0-1,will field three all - rounders in IND-ENG playing 11. the third one is, of course ,the team s most experienced player Ravindra Jadeja .the specialist for all-rounder swap has thrown the indian top -order into a tailspin in just a matter of weeks. with Sai out the last tests No.6 Karun Nair moves to No.3 and Jadeja takes a spot up in the ladder.

                                                                                                                            thank you for next page....

who is NASA astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla's wife Dr Kamna Shukla.

 well come to Nasa astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla .(indian real hero)

indian air force (IAF) group captain Shubhanshu Shukla made history by becoming the first indian to enter the international space station .as a part of  the axiom 4,or ax -4 space X falcon 9 spacecraft lifter off from NASA s Kennedy space centre in Florida on Wednesday ,June  25. Shukla also become  the second indian astronaut to venture into space after Rakesh Sharma's historic journey back in 1984.

ahead of Shubhanshu's

  journey ,his mother, Asha Shukla, expressed her joy and  also  offered heavy praise for her daughter-in -law. praising her  daughter-in -law ,Kamna Shukla, Asha said, he  has all the  support of our  daughter-in- law ,this  could not  have  been possible  without her... she has  played the biggest role here.''

who is Dr. Kamna Shukla?

dr. Kamna Shukla works as a dentist in Lucknow, utter Pradesh. she is the  mother of a 6-year-old kid, Kamna is the childhood friend and wife  of indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla. Shubhanshu and Kamna have been  childhood sweethearts since they met in primary school in the city.

speaking with the  times of indian ,she earlier said, we Ve been studying together since class 3. we started out as best friends... I Ve known him as Gunjan, as Shubhanshu-the quiet, shy boy in  class - whose now become such an inspiration to so many.

their relationship has withstood that test of distance and several missed moment. Kamna expressed how much it saddened him to miss out on important moment in their sons early development but said that  his  concentration has always been  unwavering. She compared his commitment to that of arjuna from the Mahabharata.

Shubhanshu Shukla s emotional note for his wife.

before leaving for his space mission Shubhanshu posted a heartfelt note for Kamna .in a post  on Instagram ,he  wrote, as we plane to leave the planet early morning of 25 June ,I wish  to thank  everyone  who has been  involved in this  mission for their support and also to all the  people back home for  their blessings and love .a big thank  you to my family and friends  who  have been my bedrock in this journey . sometimes your close  once make  sacrifices that you do not even fully understand, but they  do so out of their love for you.

expressing gratitude for his wife .he said ,special thanks .

early life education.

Shubhanshu Shukla ,the youngest of three siblings, was born to Shambu Dayal Shukla, now a retired government officer, and  Ashu Shukla ,a homemaker. He is a native  of Lucknow, utter Pradesh ,and completed  his schooling at city Montessori school ,Aliganj. inspired  by the 1999 Kargil war, he completed his military  training and NDA .earned a bachelor of science degree in computer science from the national defence academy in 2005.

INDIAN BEST 10 ARMY HEROES . JAI BHARATH MATHA. (indian army marshal )

 WELL COME TO INDIAN ARMY BEST PERSON OR HEROES.

1.FIELD MARSHAL SAM MANEKSHAW.

field marshal Sam  manekshaw ,an indomitable leader and an iconic in indian military history ,stands as a testament to courage ,strategic brilliance ,and unwavering dedication to the nation.

widely regarded  as one of the finest military commanders, his contributions have left an indelible mark on the indian army ,earning him a place of honor among the country s true heroes.

born on April 3,1914, in Amritsar ,Sam hormesis Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw displayed early signs of leadership and determination.

commissioned into the British indian army in 1934, his journey began with the 2nd battalion of the royal Scots, setting the stage for a stellar career that would shape the destiny of the indian military.

Manekshaw s leadership  prowess came to the forefront during the tumultuous times of world war 2.

he served with distinction in various theaters, including Iraq, Burma, and the northeast.

his exceptional performance in the Burma campaign earned him the military cross ,marking the beginning of a decorated military career.

however ,it was during the 1971 Indo- Pak war that Manekshaw etched his into history .as the chief of the army staff, he orchestrated a brilliant military campaign that  led to the  liberation of Bangladesh.

Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw (3 April 1914 -27 June 2008 ) ,also known as Sam bahadur  was an indian army general officer who was the  chief of the  army staff during the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971,and the first  indian army officer to be promoted to the rank of field marshal .his active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in world war 2.

Manekshaw joined the first intake  of the indian military academy at Dehradun in 1932.he was commissioned into the 4th battalion ,12th frontier force regiment. in world war 2.he was awarded the military cross for gallantry .following the partition of indian in 1947,he was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha rifles .

after completing the higher command course at the imperial defence college, he was appointed the general officer commanding of the 26th infantry division. He also served as the  commandant of the defence  services staff college .in 1962,he  was accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually  found innocent but thus could not serve in the 1962 war .in 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the  rank of army commander and took over western command ,then was transferred in 1964 to eastern command . in this role ,in 1967, he  was involved in the  first indian victory against a Chinese offensive during the Nathu la and Cho la clashes.

                                                         next indian marshal.(INDIAN AIR FORCE)

ARJAN SINGH.

marshal of the indian air force Arjan Singh (15 April 1919 _ 16 September 2017) was a senior air force 

subedar karam singh.

 well come to best indian army person in subedar karma Singh.

born in Sehna village in the Sangrur. district of Punjab, Karam Singh was the first non- posthumous param Vir chakra awadee.sing retired from the indian army as honorary captain in 1948 and died in 1993 at the indian army as honory captain in 1948 and died in 1993 at the age of 77.he is also the  only indian to win the highest medals of the British and indian governments,

among his several brave acts ,Karam Singh is best known for his courage on 13 October ,1948,when Pakistan.

early life .

karam singh was born on 15 September 1915 in the village  of sehna ,barnala district, in Punjab, British india in Jatt Sikh family . his father ,uttam singh ,was  a farmer .singh.sing also intended to   become  a farmer ,but he decided to join the army after being inspired by the stories of first world war veterans from his village .after completing his primary schooling in his in his village ,in 1941,he joined the army.

military career.

on 15 september 1941, he  enrolled in the 1st battalion of the sikh  regiment .for his condut and courage in the battle of the admin box during the burma campaign of world war 2 ,he was awarded the  military medal. as a young ,war -decorated sepoy,he earned respect from fellow soldiers in his  battalion. he was one of the five soldiers selected by then prime minister jawaharlal neharu raise the indian flag for the first time after independence in 1947.

war of 1947.

is next page

RCB secret to RCB s IPL triumph four wise men ,team no.5 that formed the blueprint for auction, crafty execution of plans on field.

 congratulation all RCB team and captain & coach.

Rajat Patidar led the team admirably ,with Virat Kohli supporting him, but the blueprint was laid by Andy flower , Dinesh Karthik ,mo. bopat ,and analyst freddie wilde.

sometime before the IPL mega auction in Saudi Arabia ,the RCB s think -tank congregated to ideate on the with all player names inked in but with the roles defined for  each slot. and it was team no .5 that got their most attention.

team No 5 had included an overseas opener with keeping ability, a middle- order batsman who can bowl spin ,a finisher who can bowl seam, a fast- bowler to in the end of powerplay ,in the middle and death. The confidence grew that if they could pick a team in the auction that matched no.5,then they would have given themselves the best possible chance at winning the trophy.

at  the auctions, RCB ended up with Phil salt for opening role ,Liam Livingstone and Jacob Bethell for  middle -order power ,Tim David and Rosario  shepherd for finishers role and josh Hazelwood ,Nuwan Thushara and lungi ngidi as overseas quicks.

four men, in particular, apart from the senior played the key role in this vital period before auctions. Andy  flower, the celebrated coach ; Mo bobet ,who had  overseen England's white- ball revolution to win the 2019 world cup and 2022 T20 world cup ;Dinesh Karthik, who had turned mentor -cum-batting -coach; and the analyst Freddie Wilde , who complimented the trio from providing all the data and numbers-two ingredients that cant overlooked in T20s.

the actual blueprint had begun soon after the  2023 edition.in July that year ,they had pulled off a coup by getting Andy flower in as  their head coach ,which set the motion in place .the Zimbabwean great got the 2024 season to figure out which of the player.

the social media post that got RCB into legal trouble after B stampede that killed 11.

royal challengers Bengaluru's joy of winning a first ipl title in 18 years turned tragic as 11 people lost their lives in stampede at a planned victory parade.

royal challengers bengalurus  joy of winning a first ipl title in 18 years turned tragic as 11 people lost their lives in stempede at a planned victory  parade on Wednesday .the RCB team members ,including  virat kohli and rajat patidar ,were felicitated at the vidhan Soúdha

by karnataka CM siddaramaih at around 5 PM IST after which there was a  planned open bus parade .lakhs of people gathered aronud the area where it was supposed to take place. lt turned tragic as 11 died and close to 50 people got injured in the event.

now ,a social media post by royal challengers  bengaluru (RCB) is under scrutiny. the  management of royal challengers bengaluru  (RCB) will face official scrutiny over a social media post announcing a public victory parade,made just hours before a deadly stampede at the m chinnaswamy stadium  that killed at least 11 people and left 47 injured.the probe will also include senior members of the karnataka state cricket association (KSCA) ,whose role in planning the felicitattion ceremony is now under review by bengaluru police and a magisterial inquiry panel.

 

major Somnath Sharma .most indian army person.

 well come to most indian army person Somnath Sharma major.

this brave soldier of fourth Kumaon regiment  sacrificed his life at the young age of 24. with his hand already in plaster from an injury sustained in a hockey game ,Sharma insisted on being with his company in combat when they were airlifted to Srinagar on October 30,1947 to fight Pakistani invaders.

on November 3,when Sharma's company was on a patrol of Badgam village ,it was approached by a tribal lashkar of 700 raiders from the direction of Gulmarg. The ensuing heavy mortar bombardment .realising Srinagar and the airport would be vulnerable if they abandoned the battle at this point, Sharma ran from post ,encouraging his men to fight in the face of an enemy that outnumbered them seven to one .

when heavy casualties adversely affected their firing power ,sharma ,with his left hand in plaster, took to filling the magazines for the men operating light machine guns. While he was  busy fighting ,a mortar shell exploded on the ammunition near him, killing

him instantly.

his last message to brigade HQ received few moment before he was killed, was the enemy is only 50 yards us .we are heavily outnumbered. we are under devastating fire .I shall not withdraw an inch but will fight to our last man and  our last round.

major Somnath Sharma was the first recipient of the param Vir Chakra. The citation on the  award says, his leadership, gallantry and tenacious defence were such that his  men were inspired to fight the enemy by seven to one ,six hours after this gallant officer had been killed.

indian military officer .

major Somnath Sharma was an indian officer and the first recipient of  Indians  highest military decoration ,param Vir chakra (PVC) .he displayed exemplary courage and valor  during the Pakistani invasion of Jammu & Kashmir in 1947. he died while evicting  Pakistani infiltrators and raiders from Srinagar airport during the Indo- Pak  war of 1947-48 in Kashmir .his sacrifice prevented the fall of  Srinagar and set an example of courage in indian history.

Somnath Sharma ,PVC (31 January 1923 -3 November 1947),was an indian military officer and the first recipient of India's highest military decoration, Parama Vir chakra (PVC) ,which he was awarded

posthumously.

sharma was commissioned into the 4th battalion,19th hyderabad regiment,in 1942. he served in burma during the arakan campaign in world war 2,for  which  he was mentioned in despatches. fighting in the indo-pakistani war of 1947-1948,somnath sharma was killed in action on 3 november 1947 while respulsing pakistani infiltrators near srinagar airport. for his gallantry and sacrifice during the battle of badgam, he was posthumously awarded the param vir chakra.

early life and education.

sharma was born into a dogra brahmin family  on 31 january 1923 at dadh ,kangra,punjab (present-day himachal pradesh).his father ,amar nath  sharma ,was a military officer. his younger brother , vishwa nath sharma , would later become  the  14 th chief of the army staff  of the indian  army .somnath sharma ,would later become the army somanath sharma completed his schooling at the prince of wales royal at the  prince of wales royalmilitary college in deharadun.he  later studied at the royal military college ,sandhurst.

today covid news .

 covid cases reach 135 in Karnataka Siddaramaiah order launch of dedicated helpline.

BENGALURU:

the number of covid -19 cases in the state has reached 135 ,with 80 of them currently active ,

including 73 in Bengaluru .a total of 3,981 people have been tested so far.

Monday ,cm Siddaramaiah held a high -level meeting with ministers and official of health and medical education departments to assess the  states preparedness in light of the uptick in the cases. the review was also prompted by the rise in infections in neighbouring states, including 95 cases in Kerala ,66 in Tamil Nadu ,and 56 in Maharashtra.

officials information the CM that  while  karnataka  has seen only  one or  two covid -19 cases from  Jan till recently, the fourth week of may saw a noticeable spike ,including one serious case .SARI (severe acute  respiratory infection) surveillance is already underway.

to support the public, Siddaramaiah ordered the launch of a dedicated covid helpline . .if the situation escalates, screening units must be reintroduced at airports to monitor arriving  passengers .health department personnel should remain on duty  and avoid taking leave during this  critical  period, he said.

the cm directed officials to ensure that all necessary medical infrastructure, such as ventilators, oxygen supplies, essential medicines, and hospital beds, is fully in place across district hospitals.

although there is no cause for panic at this stage, the state must be prepared  to handle any situation swifty and effectively. special attention must be paid to the health of  vulnerable population, including the elderly, Pregent women, and individuals. they should wear masks as a precaution. 

cm instructed the officials that pregnant women should  not be transfoerred between hospitals during medical emergencies,and instead,every hospital must be equipeped to care for them.

gym food creatine and vitamin ,heathy food .

 the ultimate 7 day gym diet plan.

when it comes to nutrition ,things can become overly complicated .however, it is clear that nutrition has a huge impact on the progress that you make in the gym.

table of contents.

1. foods to add to your gym diet plan 
2. gym diet-pre-workout foods 
3. gym diet- post -workout foods
4. ideal 7 day diet chart plan .
5. foods to avoid in your gym diet plan .
6. nutrition dos and don'ts
7. summary frequently asked questions (FAQs)

this article will highlight a number of considerations that must be made and applied in order to bring about substantial changes.

in addition ,it will also serve as a resource and highlight the nutrient-rich foods that one should incorporate into their daily gym diet plan.

foods to add to your gym diet plan.

there are mainly three macronutrients that  play a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions and  even promote changes in strength and composition -they are carbs, proteins ,and fats and it is essential that we consume all three macros in ample quantities to optimize progress accordingly .

foods to add to your gym diet plan.

there are mainly three macronutrients that play a crucial role in maintaining bodily function and even promote changes in strength and composition -they are carbs, proteins ,and fats and  it is essential that we consume all three macros in ample quantities to optimize progress accordingly.

carbohydrates

 firstly ,carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body and therefore play the most substantial role in fueling exercise. There are two different types of carbohydrates i.e. complex and simple. the names give an indication of time taken to digest complex carbs that take a longer time period to digest than simple carbs.

furthermore, complex carbohydrates provides the body with prolonged slow- release of energy and have ,fast releasing energy,they ,contain little nutritional value . 

therefore,you should consume complex carbohydreates for example whole -grains,beans ,nuts,fruits,and vegetables for maintaining a proper gym diet plan.

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next page.

Mohammad Usman.

 well come to the indian army power person Mohammad Usman.

born: 15 july 1912
bibipur (now mau district ),united 
provinces,british india

died:3 july 1948 (aged 35)
nowshera,jammu and kashmir,india.

allegiance:british india 
india

service/ british indian army

branch:indian army.

years of :1934-1948.
service:
rank;


brigadier

unit: 10 th baluch regiment dogra regiment 

commands:50 para brigade

77 para brigade 

14/10 baluch 

battles/wars: second mohmand campaign world

 war2

indo-pakistani war of 1947

awards :maha vir chakra 

brigadier Mohammad Usman MVC ( 15 July 1912-3 July 1948 )was the  highest ranking officer of the indian army killed in action during the indo - Pakistani war of 1947.as a Muslim, Usman become a symbol of Indians inclusive secularism. the time of the partition of india he with many to the  Pakistan army due to the illegal occupation and riots and continued to serve with the indian army. he was martyred in July 1948 while fighting Pakistani soldiers and militia in Jammu and Kashmir. He was later awarded the second highest indian military decoration for gallantry in the  face of enemy, the maha Vir chakra.

birth and education.

Mohammad usman was born in bibipur, now mau,uttar pradesh ,in the united provinces,british india on 15 july 1912 to jamilum bibi and mohammad farooq khunambir.

usmans maternal family  was  a large land - owning  zamindar family from yusufpur,more ,commonly known as the ansaris  of yusufpur,through this side was  distant relatives  of dr. mukhtar ahmed ansari, faridul haq ansari, hamid ansari and mukhtar ansari. usman and his younger brothers, subhan and gufran,were educted at harish chandra bhai school ,varanasi.

jumped into a well to rescue a drowing child.

Usman later made up his mind to join the army ,and despite the limited opportunities for Indians to get commissioned ranks and despite intense competition, he succeeded in gaining admission to the prestigious royal military college, Sandhurst (RMC) .he entered RMC in 1932,was commissioned as a second lieutenant and appointed to the unattached list for the indian army on 1 February 1934. he was attached in india to the 1st battalion of the Cameroonians on 12 march 1934 for a year.

military career.

at the end of his year with the Cameroonians ,on 19 march 1935, he was appointed  to the indian army and posted to 5th battalion of the  10th Baluch regiment (5/10 Baluch). later in the year he saw active service on the north -west frontier of india during the Mohamad campaign of 1935. he qualified as a 1st class interpreter in Urdu in November 1935.

usman 1947 pakistan sent tribal irregulars into the princely state of jammu and kashmir in an attempt to capture it and accede it to pakistan. usman, then commanding the 77th parachute brigade ,was sent to command the 50th parachute brigade, which was  deployed at jhangar in december 1947. on 25 december 1947,with the odds atacked heavily against the brigade,pakistani forces captured jhangar. loacted at the junction of roads coming from mirpur and kotli,jhangar was of strategic importance .on that day usman took a vow to recapature jhangar-a feet he accomplished three months later,but at the cost of his own life.

in january -february 1948 usman repulsed fierce attacks on nowshera and jhangar,both highly strotegic locations in jammu and kashmir.during the defence of nowshera against overwhelmir.during the defence of nowshera against overwhlming odds and numbers ,indian forces inflicated around 2000 casualties on the pakistanis while indian     forces suffered only 33 dead and 102 wounded. his defence earned him the nickname lion of nowshera.

Lan Cardozo.

 well come to Lan Cardozo ,indian army officer.

major general Lan Cardozo AVSM SM  is a former indian army officer. He was the first war- disabled  of  the indian army  to  command a brigade. he is amputee due to a war injury.

early life.

Lan Cardozo was born to Vincent Cardozo and Diana (nee de Souza) Cardozo in 1937 in Bombay ,Bombay presidency, British india. he studied at st.xaviers high school, fort and St. Xavier's college, Mumbai.

military career .

Cardozo graduated from the national defence academy and then  attended the  indian  military  academy, from where he joined the 5 Gurkha rifles (frontier force) and  he was  commissioned and later commanded the 1th battalion of the 5th regiment of gorkha rifles aka 1/5g (ff) or 1/5 Gurkha  rifles. He has also served with 4/5 gorkha rifles and has fought two wars alongiside them-indo-Pakistani war of 1965 and the indo-pakistani war of 1971. he is the  first NDA cadet to receive both gold and silver medals. The  gold  medal is given to the cadet of the passing out course for best all round performance.

the silver medal is given to the cadet who in order of merit .for the first time in the  history of the national defence academy, the  cadet who was awarded the gold medal was also first in order of merit. this has happened only one more time thereafter.(source: general himself and from his profit)

    pakistani-bangladesh war of 1971.

at the outbreak of the  Pakistani- Bangladesh war of 1971,cardozo was attending a course at the defence services staff college, wellington. his battalion, 4/5 Gorkha rifles ,was already deployed in the eastern theatre of operations. the battalion second-in -command was killed in citron and  Cardozo was ordered to replace him. He arrived at his  battalion in time  to accompany them on the  indian army's first heliborne  operation during the battle of Sylhet. he was popularly named cartoons sahib by his Gorkha regiment as they found it difficult to pronounce his first name .cartoons means a cartridge in Hindi.

after the fall of dhaks, Cardozo stepped on a land mine and his  leg was critically injured .due to non-availability of morphine or pethidine, and absence of medics ,his  leg could not be amputated surgically .he subsequently used his khukri to amputate his own leg. afterwards, his unit captured a Pakistan army Surgeon .Muhammad Basheer ,who operated on Cardozo. however, the veracity of the  account has  been questioned by brigadier (retd) rattan Kaul stating that Cardozo stepped on a mine set up by his own forces ,Hince was a battle accident casualty and was brought to battalion medical post and captain DK Sengupta, regimental medical officer was the one who cut hanging ligament, later, a Pakistani surgeon amputated his ankle in a Pakistani hospital in Sylhet. According to rattan Kaul, there were several witnesses to the event.  rattan Kalus version was also produced at the instance of press council of india in newspaper, the Hindu on august 2,2023.

Jaswant Singh Rawat.(indian army )

 well come to Jaswant Singh Rawat.

rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, MVC (19 august 1941-17 November 1962) was an indian soldier and a posthumous recipient of the prestigious maha Vir chakra of which  he was awarded for his actions of valor during the battle of Nuranang in the Sino- Indian war.

rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat
born:19 august 1941
Dhumakot, Pauri Garhwal, British India
died: 17 November 1962 (aged 21)
Nuranang, North-East Frontier Agency, India.
allegiance:  republic of india 
service: Indian army
branch:
years of :1961-62
service:
rank: rifleman
unit:4th Garhwal rifles
battles/war: Sino -Indian war
awards: Maha Vir chakra.

Sino-india war: battle of Nuranang.

see also: battel of Galwan, battle of Pangong ,battle of Rezang la, battle of Gurung hill, and battel of nuranang and sela pass

during the battle of nuranang on 17.

Jaswant Garharb memorial, Jaswantgarh,
Arunachal Pradesh.

novemberb1962 in the north -east frontier agency ( now  Arunachal Pradesh), the rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat was serving in the 4th battalion of 4th Garhwal rifles regiment. On that day, the 4th Garhwal rifles had beaten back two peoples liberation army charges on  their position . during a third intrusion, a Chinese medium machine gun (MMG) had come close to the indian defenses and was firing accurately at their positions. rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, along with lance naik Trilok Singh Negi and rifleman Gopal Singh Gosain volunteered to subdue the MMG .Rawat and Gosain, aided by covering fire from Negi closed within a grenade- throwing distance of the machine gun position and neutralized the Chinese detachment of five sentries, seizing the MMG in the process. however, while returning ,Gosain and Negi lost their lives and Rawat was seriously injured, although he managed to return with the  captured weapon. the battle resulted in 300 Chinese casualties, whereas the 4th Garhwal rifles lost two men and had eight wounded.

rewets company eventually decided to fall back ,but Rawat remained and kept up the fight with the help of local monoa girls named sela and Nura (Noora).later, Sela was killed and Noora captured .rushing from position to position, Rawat held off the enemy for 72 hours unit the Chinese then stormed a local supplier, who told them that  they were facing only one fighter. The Chinese then stormed Rawat s position, but  the exact details of his death are unclear. Some accounts claim that Rawat shot himself with his last round of ammunition: others state that he was taken prisoner and executed by the chinese.the war over. Sela pass, Sela tunnel and sela lake were named after sela in commemoration of her actions.

legacy: Jaswant garh memorial and post.

the bravery of Jaswant Rawat was honored by naming the army post held by him as the Jaswant garh post where he fended off  the peoples liberation army, and Jaswant garh war memorial was built at the post. memorial at the army post lies 52 km southeast of tawang and north of  tunnel on NH-13 trans - Arunachal highway s dirang -tawang section.

air india chief marshal ap singh.

 well come to marshal ap Singh.

the chief of the air staff (CAS)is a statutory office held by the professional head of the indian air force (IAF),the aerial branch of the indian armed forces. customarily held by a four-star air chief marshal, the CAS is the senior -most operational officer of the IAF ,mandated with the responsibilities of supervising the forces overall functioning during states of peace and wartime, committing to the establishment-cum-continuity of air deterrence and executing India's security objectives vis-a vis the  preservation of the country's air sovereignty.

being a permanent  member of the chiefs of staff committee (COSC) and the national security council (NSC), the CAS also bears the responsibility of advising the nations civilian leadership i.e., the government of india on all matters privy to the IAF .

statutorily, the CAS ranks 12th -overall in the indian order of precedence, and is the IAF s status-equivalent of the chief of defence staff, the chief of the army staff and the chief of the  naval staff- all three positions of which are also occupied by four-star officers from the armed forces.

description .

roles and responsibilities.

*  advising the central government on all matters privy to the IAF .

* coordinating various components of the IAF towards the protection -cum -realization of the nation s air sovereignty during states of armed conflict or war.

* providing direction towards the overall functioning of the  organizations facets, such as command, control, administration and strategy.

* convening courts-martial at the behest of the central government to review cases of misconduct during peace and wartime.

*reviewing the judicial sentencing and pleas of  officers convicted of  professional misconduct whilst in service.

* in addition to these responsibilities ,the CAS is also a permanent member of.

• chiefs of staff committee (COSC) 
• national security council (NSC)
• defence planning committee (DPC) 
• defence acquisition council(DAC)

the offices eminence in the aforementioned groups thus grants the appointee with the role to advice the minister of defence on the affairs related to the IAF s functioning and the promotion of an comprehensive integrated planning policy with respect to the affairs of tri-service integration, doctrinal strategy, capability development ,defence acquisition and infrastructure.

   structure.

as the professional head of the force ,the CAS is assisted by one subordinate officer and one principal staff officer, namely:

• subordinate
•           vice chief of the air staff (VCAS)
• Principal staff officer
•          deputy chief of the air staff (DCAS)   
•          air officer in charge of administration (AOA)
•          air officer in charge of personnel(AOP)
•          air officer in charge of maintenance(AOM)
• director -generals
• director general (inspection and safety)-DG(I AND S)
• director general air operation _DG(ops) 
• director general of works and ceremonial _DG(W AND C)
• director general (aircraft)-DG (AC)
• director general (systems)- DG(sys)
• director general of medical services (air) -DGMS (air)
• director general (administration)-DG(admin)
•          

     promotion.

initially ,beginning in the pre- independence era, until 1966, the office of CAS was held by a three- star air marshal: the first six chiefs in the post -independence IAF were  three -star air marshals. however, the  offices rank -specifications was raised to the four-star rank of chief marshal in January 1965,initially as a recognitive measure to air marshal arjun Singh the Indo- Pakistani war of 1965; every CAS -appointee since then has been an air chief marshal.

the move to appoint  a new  designate to the  position usually begins three months before the  change  -of - command , wherein the  ministry od defence (MoD) reviews the resumes of the IAF s senior -most air marshal which  regularly includes the vice chief of the air staff an at -most  three of the  air officer commanding -in -chiefs (AOC-IN-C ) of the  forces combatant commands. appointments to the position are made by minister of defence, upon recommendation from air HQ; appointees to the office are subsequently promoted to the rank of  air chief marshal.

since 1950,the senior-most air marshals in the IAFS command cadre have customarily been appointed as CAS, nevertheless ,this tradition has been broken twice, first in 1973-when then - air marshal om Prakash Mehara to supersede two senior officers, and  again in 1988-then -air marshal S.K. Mehra Superseded one senior officer to become CAS.

tenur.

during the initial years of the post -independence IAF, CAS -appointees were given one four-year term, with the possibility of extension: air marshal Subroto Mukherjee was the longest serving chief-at 6 years,7 months,7 days, and the only appointee to have ever received a second four-year term: nevertheless, he  unexpectedly died Halfwit through it.

currently, according to the regulations for the air force ,2000-a Cas-appointee reaches superannuation upon the completion of three years in the position or at the age of 62, whichever is  earlier. however, an  appointee may also be dismissed from office by the president of india before the conclusion of the tenure under section 18-19 of the air force act,1950 and article 310 of the constitution.

additionally, a CAS -appointee is  also eligible to be selected for the position of chief of defence staff (CDS),in accordance with the air force regulations, 2022-which prescribes that the designated nominee, in this case the CAS - appointee has ever been appointed as CDS.

    

captain Vikram Batra

 well come to captain Vikram Batra life history.

    captain Vikram Batra  (9 September 1974-7 July 1999) was an  indian army officer .he was posthumously awarded the param Vira chakra, the highest indian military decoration ,for his actions during the Kargil war; on 7 July 1999,batra was killed while fighting Pakistani troops around area ledge ,point 4875,in the Kargil district of erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir.

Vikram  Batra
official military portrait,1997
born:9 September 1997
Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
died: 7 July 1999 (aged 24)
Kargil, Jammu and Kashmir ,india.
allegiance :india
service/Branch: Indian army
years of service:1997-1999
rank: captain
service number:IC-57556H
unit:13 Jammu and Kashmir rifle 
battles/wars: Kargil war
battle of point 5140
battle of point 4875
awards: PARAM Vir chakra
alma mater: DAV college(BMSc)
Punjab university 
indian military academy.

early life and education.

Batra was born on 9 September 1974 in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. he was the third child of Gandhari Lal Batra, a government school principal, and Kamal Kenta Batra, a school teacher. the older of twin sons, he was born fourteen minutes before his  brother, Vishal. The   twins were nicknamed : luv (Vikram) and Kush (Vishal) ,after the  twin sons of the Hindu deity Rama, by their mother who  was a professed devotee of  Rama. he had two sister : Seema and  nutans. as a young child ,Batra received his primary education under the tutelage of his mother / he received his primary education at GPS tikri-mushehara in mandi district of Himachal Pradesh .he then  attended the D.A.V public school in palampur, where he studied up to middle standard. he received  his senior secondary education at central school in palampur.

besides his academic andeavours ,Batra also dabbled in a variety of his school, which he represented at the national level during  the  youth parliamentary competitions in Delhi .he also represented his  school and college in table  tennis at all india KVA national .he also was a greenbelt holder in  karate  and to attend a national level camp in Manali .

after completing his class XII bord examinations  in 1992 from central school ,he  attended DAV  college ,Chandigarh in BSc medical sciences .at  college ,he  joined the air wing of the national cadet corps (NCC) while he was in his first year. during the inter-  state NCC camp, he was adjudged the  best NCC air wing cadet of  Punjab directorate in north zone . he was selected and underwent a 40-day paratrooping training with his NCC air wing unit at pin Jore airfield and flying  club ,about 35 kilometers away from  Chandigarh. during the next two years in DAV , he  remained a cadet of the army wing of NCC . in addition ,he was the president of the youth service club of his college.

he afterward qualification for the c certificate in the NCC and attained the rank of senior under officer in his NCC unit .subsequently .in 1994,he was selected and took  part in the republic day parade as an NCC cadet ,and  when  he come home ,he told his parent that he wanted to join the army .his maternal grandfather was also a soldier in the indian army .in 1995,while still in college ,he was selected for the  merchant navy at a shipping company headquartered in Hong Kong, but ultimately he changed his mind ,aspiring to do something great, something extraordinary ,which may bring fame to my country .that same year he completed his bachelors degree, graduating from DAV college in Chandigarh.

following completion of his  bachelors degree in 1995, he enrolled at Panjab university in Chandigarh, where he took admission in MA English course ,so that he could prepare for the  combined defence service (CDS) examination. he attended evening classes at the  university and worked part- time in the morning as a branch manager of a travelling agency in Chandigarh.

Indian navy

    the indian navy is the maritime branch of the indian armed force. the president of india is the supreme commander of the india navy. The chief of naval staff, a four star admiral, commands the navy as ,the strait of Malacca, and  routinely conducts  anti- piracy  operations with  other navies in the reginal ,it  also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the south and east China seas as well as in the western mediterranean sea simultaneously.

the primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation s maritime borders ,and in conjunction with other armed forces  of the  union, act to defect any threats or aggression against the territory ,people or maritime interests of india. both in war and peace. through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions ,including disaster relief, the indian navy promotes bilateral relations between nations .since October 2008,the indian navy  keep  s at least one frontline warship on continuous deployment in the gulf of Aden.

      as of June 2019,the  indian navy has 67,252 active and 75,000 reserve personnel in service and 300 aircraft . as of September 2022,the operation fleet consists of 2 active  aircraft carriers and 1 amphibious transport  dock,4 landing ship tanks, 8 landing craft  utility,14 destroyers ,14 frigates,2 ballistic missile submarines,16 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 18 corvettes, one mini countermeasure vessel ,4 fleet tankers and numerous other auxiliary ships .it is considered as a multi- regional power projection blue- water navy.

history

early maritime history.

the .maritime history of india dates back 6,000 years to the pre-Indus valley civilisation .a Kutch mariners log book from 19th century record that  the Dirth tidal dock in india was  Buit at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus  valley civilisation ,near the present -day  hatbox of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast .the rig Veda credits Varuna , the  Hindu god of water and the celestial ocean, with knowledge  of the ocean routes and describes the use  of ships having hundred oars in the naval expedition by Indians. there are also references to the stabilise the vessel during storms. Plava are considered to the precursors of modern-day  stabilisers.

alexander the great ,during his campaigns in india ,built a harbour at the ancient city of Patajo, which has been Hyphothzied to be the present day city of  Thatte. his army retreated to  Mesopotamia using ships built, record show that emperor of Maurya empire , Chandragupta an admiralty division .many historians from ancient india recorded indian  trade  relations .indian trade reached java and Sumatra. there  were  also  references to the  trade routes  of countries in the  pacific and indian ocean .india also had trade  relations with  the Greeks and  the romans .at one  instance roman history  Gaius Plinius Secundus mentioned indian traders carrying away large  masses of  gold and  silver from Rome, in sandal wood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.

indian air force.

 well come to indian air force .

the indian air force (IMA) is the air arm of the indian armed forces. Its primary mission is to secure indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflicts.it was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of British india which honoured Indians aviation service during world war.

since 1950,the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan .other major operations undertaken by the IAF include operation Vijay ,operation meghdoot , operation cactus and operation Poo Malai. the IAFs mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating in united nations peacekeeping missions .

the president of the india holders the rank of supreme commander of the IAF .as of 1 January 2025m,135,000 personnel are in service with the indian air force .the chief of the air staff, an air chief marshal ,is a four-star officer and is responsible  for the bulk of operational command of the air force. there is never more then one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF .the rank of marshal of the air force has been conferred by the president of Indian the occasion 2002, Singh became the first and so far, only five -star rank officer of the IAF.

mission.

the IAFs mission is defined by the armed forces act of 1947 ,the constitution of indian , and the air force act of 1950. it decrees that in the aerial battlespace :

defence of india and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its  prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.

* the primary objective of IAF is to defend the nation and its airspace against air threats in coordination with army and navy.

*the secondary purpose is to assist civil power during natural calamities and internal disturbances.

*the IAF provides close air support to the indian army troops in the  battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.

*IAF also provides strategic air lift or secondary airlift for the indian army.

*the IAF also operates the integrated space cell together with  the  other two branches of the  indian armed forces, the  department of space and the indian space  research organization (ISRO).

*Resucue of civilians during natural from  disasters 

*evacuation of indian nationals from foreign countries in case of instability or other problems.

in practice ,this is as a directive  meaning the IAF Bearbs the responsibility of safeguarding indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces .the IAF provides close air support to the  indian army troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. The Intergrated space cell is operated by the indian armed forces the IAF  provides close air support to the indian army troops an the battlefield as well as strategic  and  tactical aircraft capabilities . the integrated space  cell is operated by the indian armed forces ,the civilian department of space, and the indian space research organisation .by uniting the civilian run space exploration organisations and the  military faculty under a single integrated space cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from  innovation in the  civilian sector of space exploration ,and  the civilian department benefit as well.

the indian air force ,with highly trained crews, pilots ,and access to modern military assets provides india with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation ,search -and -rescue (SAR) operations, and  delivery of relief supplies to affects areas via cargo  aircraft ,the IAF provide extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998,the tsunami in 2004, and north india floods in 2013 . the IAF has undertaken relief  missions such as operation rainbow in Sri Lanka.

HISTORY.

FARMATION AND EARLY PILOTS

the indian air force was established on 8 October 1932 in British india as an auxiliary air force of the royal air force .the enactment of the indian air force  act 1932  stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the royal air force uniforms ,badges ,prevents and insignia . on 1 squadron ,with four Westland wapiti biplanes and five indian pilots .the indian pilots  were led by British RAF commanding officer flight lieutenant (later air vice marshal) Cecil Bouchier.

world war 2 (1939-1945)

during world war 2,the IAF played an instrument Rolain halting the advance of  the Japanese army in Burma, where the first the first IAF air strike was executed .the target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in Arakan ,after which IAF strike which IAF strike mission continued against the Japanese air based at Mae Hong son ,Chiang Mai and Chiang rai in norther Thailand.

Dassault rafale.

 well come to rafale aircraft.

the Dassault literally meaning gust of wind ,or burst of 

fire in a more military sense is a French  twin- engine, canard and built wing ,multirole  fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault aviation .equipped with a wide  range of weapons, the Rafel in intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction ,deterrence minces and missions .it is referred to as an omnirole aircraft by Dassault.

in the late 1970s ,the French air force and French navy sought to replace and consolidate their existing fleets of aircraft . in order to  reduce  development into an arrangement with the uk, Germany ,lately and Spain to  produce an agile multi -purpose future European fighter aircraft (which  would become the Eurofighter typhoon) subsequent disagreements over workshare and differing requirements led France to pursue its own development programme .Dassault built a technology demonstrator that first flew in July 1986 as part of an eight -year flight-test programme, paving the way for approval of the project.

the rafale is district from other european fighters of its era in that it is almost entirely built by one country,involving most of france s major defence contractors ,such as dassault and Safran .many of the aircrafts avionics and feature,such as dassault ,thales and safran .many of the aircrafts avionicse and features ,such as direct voice input,the RBE2AA Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and the optronique secteur frontal infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor,were domestically developed and produced for  the rafale programme originally scheduled to enter service in 1996, the rafale suffered significant delays due to post -cold war budget cuts and changes in priorities.there are three main variants : rafel c single c single -seat land-based version,rafale b twin-seat land -based version and rafale m single m single-seat carrier-based version.

introduced in 2001,the rafal is being produced for both the french air force and for carrier-based operations in the french navy .it has been marketed for export to several countries,and was selected for purchase by the egyptian air force ,the indian navy,the qatar air force, the hellenic air force,the croatian air force,the indonesian air force,the united arab emirates air force and the serbian air force .the rafale is considered one of the most advenced and capable warplanes in the world,and among the the most successful internationally.it has been used in combat over afghanistan, libya,mali,iraq ,syria by indian near its border with pakistan.

development.

in the mid-1970s the Franch air craft and French navy separate requirements for a new  generation of fighters to replace those in or  about to enter service. Because their requirement were similar ,and to reduce cost ,both services issued a common request for proposal.in 1975 ,the country's ministry of aviation initiated studies for aircraft optimized for differing roles . 

the rafale aircraft development programme was the end product of efforts by various european countries for a common fighter aircraft. in 1970 ,dassault-breguet (later dassault aviation ) joined the MBB/BAe european collaborative fighter project which was renamed the european combat aircraft (ECA) .the company contributed the aerodynamic layout of a prosepective twin-engine ,single -seat fighter country .in 1983,the future european fighter (FEFA) program was initiated ,bringing together together france ,italy ,spain ,west germany .

indian army Mukund Varadarajan.

 well come to Mukund Varadarajan life history.

Mukund Varadarajan AC (12 April 1983 - 25 April 2014) was an indian army  officer . he was  a  commissioned officer in the indian army's Rajput regiment. he was killed  in action during  a center terrorism  operation while on deputation  to the 44th Rastriya rifles battalion in Jammu and  kashmir .he was posthumously awarded  the  Ashoka chakra , Indians highest peacetime decoration ,for his action .

Mukund Varadarajan

    born in 1983 in a Tamil family in Kozhikode, Mukund completed his  college  in 2004 before joining the  officers training academy of the  indian army . he was commissioned as lieutenant in 2006,and was promoted to captain in October 2008.he served at the infantry school Mhow and was part of a united nationals mission in Lebanon .he was later promoted to the rank of major in 2012 and was deputed to the  44th battalion of the Rastriya rifles.

best offer in Flipkart.

born in 1983 in a Tamil family in Kozhikode, Mukund completed his college in 2004 before joining the  officers training academy of the indian army .he was promoted to captain in October 2008.he served  at the  infantry school in Mhow and was part of a united nations mission in Lebanon. He was later was deputed to the rank of major in 2012 and was to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya defiles.

in June 2013 ,Mukund killed Altaf Baba, then commander of Jaish -e-Mohammed in south Kashmir ,when  a group of terrorists attacked Mukund's army convoy .on 25 April 2014, Mukund led his team to Qazipathri in southern Kashmir ,to engage with Altaf Wani, who had  replaced  alfa baba as the local commander of the terrorists had  killed electoral officers during the 2014 indian general election Mukund and sepoy Vikram Singh killed all the  three terrorists in the ensuing  gunfight. however ,both the army men were also killed in the battle.

on 1 June 2015 ,a bust of Mukund was unveiled at the premises of the  officer training academy in Chennai .in 2024 ,a Tamil biographical film Amarna ,which was based on his life ,was released.

early and personal life.

Mukund Varadarajan was born on 12 April 1983 in a Tamil to R Varadarajan and Geetha Varadarajan in Kozhikode, Kerala, india . Mukund and his family moved to Tambaram in Chennai after his  father got job in indian overseas bank . Mukunda received his bachelor of commerce from sir Chandrasekhar Endra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya at Kanchipuram and a diploma in journalism from the madras Christian college .he worked at a BPO center for sometime before he decide to join the indian armed force s. his grandfather Raghav Achari and two of his uncles also served in the  indian army and  this motivated him to join the  armed forces. 

Mukund had two siblings. he married Indhu Rebecca Varghese in 2009,and the couple have a daughter.

career

Mukund joined the officers training academy in Chennai in 2004.after graduating ,he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Rajput regiment on 18 march 2006 . on 18 march 2006, he was granted a regular commission with the rank of lieutenant, and received an ante-dated promotion to captain from 18 October 2008.he served at the infantry school in Momaday Pradesh and was part of a united nations mission in Lebanon. he was promoted to major on 18 October 2012 and was deputed to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya rifles in scorpion district of Jammu and Kashmir.