indian army .

 well come to Indian army.

the  Indian army is the  land -based  branch and largest component of the Indian armed forces, making it the  world s second -largest army and  the  fourth  most  powerful military globally .the president of  India is  the supreme commander of the  Indian  army ,and its  professional  head is the  chief  of the army  staff (COAS) . the  Indian army  was established  on 1  April 1895 alongside the  long  established presidency armies  of the east Indian company ,which too were  absorbed into  it in 1903. some  princely  states maintained their own  armies which  formed  the imperial service  troops which ,along  with  the  armed  forces  of the  Indian  empire . the  imperial service troops were merged into  the  Indian army  after  independence .the  units and  regiments of the  Indian  army  have  diverse histories  and  have  participated in several battles and campaigns around  the world , earning  many battle and theatre honours before and after independence.

Kargilin  war (1999)

in 1998,india carried out nuclear tests; and a few days later, Pakistan responded with nuclear tests of its own , giving both countries nuclear deterrence capability, although Indian had tested a hydrogen bomb ,which Pakistan  lacked . diplomatic tensions  eased after the Lahore summit was  held in 1999 .however, the sense of optimism was short -lived . in  mid- 1999, Pakistani paramilitary  forces  and Kashmiri insurgents  captured the  deserted , but  strategic ,Himalayan heights in the  Kargil district of India .these had  been  vacated by the Indian army during the onset of the inhospitable  winter and were  to  be reoccupied in  spring . the  troops that  control of  these areas  received  important support  ,of  both arms and supplies ,from Pakistan .some  of the heights under  their control  , which  also included the  tiger hill, overlooked the vital Srinagar - leg highway ,highway datalike, and dras.

  once the scale of  the  Pakistan  incursion was  realise, the  Indian army quickly  mobilised about 200,000 troops ,and  operation Vijay was launched . however ,sine the  was height s  were  under  Pakistan  control ,Indian  was  at a clear  strategic  disadvantage . form  their  observation posts ,the  Pakistan  forces  had  a clear  line - of - sight to lay down  indirect artillery fire  on NM 1A , inflictfing  heavy casualties on the  Indians . this  was a serious  problem casualties on  the  indian army  as the  highway was its  main  supply   route . thus, the in Indian  army's priority was to  recapture  peaks near NH -1A .this  resulted  in indian  troops first  targeting the tiger  hill and tololing complex in dras. this was soon  followed  by more  attacks on  the batalik - turtok sub - sector ,which provided access to siachen view  of of the NM  1A ,was  successfully recaptured by Indian forces on 14 june.

 though most of  the  posts  in the  vicinity of the highway were cleared of the enemy by -june,some posts near dras endured  sporadic shelling until  the  end  of  war. once the NM 1A  area was cleared ,the  indian army  turned

narendra modi (life history ) and indian prime minister .

 well come to Indian prime minister.

narendra Damodaradas Modi (born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who has served as the  prime  minister of India since 2014 .Modi was  the chief minister of Gujarat from  2001 to 2014 and  is  the  member  of parliament ( MP)  for Varanasi . he is  a   member  of the  Bhartiya  Janata  party (BJP) and of the  Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS ,a right-wing  Hindu nationalist  paramilitary volunteer organisation . he is the  longest -serving prime minister outside the Indian national congress.

prime minister of 
India 
incumbent
assumed office 
26 may 2014 

  Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar in  northeastern Gujarat, where he completed his secondary education .he  was  introduced  to the RSS at the  age  of eight .at  the age of 18 , he was married to Jashodaben Modi ,whom  he  abandoned soon after ,only publicly acknowledging her  four  decades later when legally required to do so . Modi  became a full -time  worker for the RSS  in Gujarat in 1971 . the RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and  he  rose  through the  party  hierarchy , becoming general secretary in 1998 . in 2001 ,Modi  was  appointed  chief  minister  of Gujarat and  elected  to the  legislative assembly soon  after . his  administration is  considered complicit in  the 2002 Gujarat riots , and  has been  criticised for  its  management  of the crisis .according to official records, a little over 1000 people  were  killed ,three -quarters of whom were Muslim.

independent sources estimated 2000 deaths , mostly Muslim . a special investigation team  appointed by the supreme court  of India in 2012 found  no evidence to  initiate  prosecution proceedings against him. while his  policies as chief  minister were credited  for encouraging economic growth  ,his administration was criticised for failing to significantly improve  health, poverty and education indices in the state.

 in the  2014 Indian general election ,Modi led the BJP to a parliamentary majority ,the first for a party since 1984. his administration increased direct foreign investment ,and reduced  spending  on healthcare , education ,and  social - welfare  program mental and  weakened or  abolished  environmental and labour laws . his  demonetisation of banknotes in 2016 and introduction of the goods and services tax in 2017 sparked controversy. Modis administration launched the 2019 salakot airstrike against an alleged terrorist training camp in Pakistan.

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B . R Ambedkar.

 well camo to B.R Ambedkar life history .

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 14 April 1891 -6 December 1956.  was an Indian jurist economist ,social reformer and political leader who chaired  the committee that drafted  the constitution of Indian based  on the  committee that  drafted the  constitution of  India based on the  debates of the constituent assembly of India based on the  first draft of sir  Benegal nursing  Rau. Ambedkar served as law  and justice  minister in the first  cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru .he later renounced Hinduism, converted to Buddhism and inspired the  Dalit Buddhist movement.

Ambedkar in the 1950s
1st minister of law and justice
in office 
15 august 1947-6 October 1951
prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru
preceded by position established 
succeeded by Charu Chandra Biswas.

after graduating from Elphinstone college , university of  bombay ,Ambedkar  studied economics at Columbia  university and the  London school of economics , receiving doctorates in 1927 and 1923 , respectively ,and was among a handful of  Indian students to have  done so at either institution in the 1920s .he also trained  in the law  at gray s inn ,London . in  his  early  career,. he  was an  economist ,professor ,and lawyer .his  later life  was  marked  by  his  political activities ;  he  became involved in  campaigning  and  negotiations for  partition ,publishing  journals, advocating  political right s and social freedom for  dalits ,and contributing  to the  establishment of  the state of India. in  1956, he converted to Buddhism , initiating mass conversions of Dalits.

in 1990, the Bharat Ratna ,India's highest  civilian award, was  posthumously conferred on Ambedkar . the  salutation jai Bhim used  by  followers honours his . he is  also referred to by  the  honorific Babasaheb meaning respected father.

early life and education.

Ambedkar  was born on 14 April 1891  in  the  town and  military  cantonment of Mhow .he  was  the   14th  and  last  child of Ramji maloji Sakpal ,an army  officer who  held  the  rank  of  subedar, and  Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of  Laxman Mumbaikar .his  family was  of  Marathi background from the town of  am

bedawe in Ratnagiri district  of  modern -Dayn  Maharashtra . Ambedkar s ancestor had long worked  for  the  army of  the  British east  India company, and his father  served in  the British Indian army at the how cantonment.

Ambedkar  was born into a Mahar (Dalit) caste ,who were  treated as untouchables and  subjected to socio economic discriminations .although they  attended school, Ambedkar and  other  untouchable  children were  segregated and  given  little attention or help  by  teachers.  they  were  not   allowed to  sit  inside  the  class . when  they  needed to drink  water, someone  from a higher caste had  to pour  that  water  from  a height  as  they  were  not  allowed  to touch   either  the  water  or the  vessel  that  contained it. this  task was  usually performed  for the  young Ambedkar by the  school peon ,and if the  peon was not available then he had to go  without water ;he described the situation later in his  writing  as no peon no water he was  required to sit on a gunny sack which he  had to take home with him.

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Nathuram godse

 well come to Nathuram Godse life journey.  

Nathuram Vinayak Godse

born: Ramachandra Vinayaka Godse
19 may 1910 
Baramati ,Bombay 
presidency, British India.
present day (Maharashtra ,India )
Died: 15 November 1949 9 aged 39) 
Ambala central jail, east 
Punjab ,India .
Cause of death: execution by hanging
Organization (s) : Rastriya Swayamsevak
Sangh
Hindu Mahasabha.


 

Nathuram Vinayak Godse ( 19 may 1910-15 November 1949) was the  assassin of mahatma Gandhi. he  was  a Hindu  nationalist from  Maharashtra  who  shot  Gandhi in the  chest  three times  at  point  blank  range  at a multi -faith prayer meeting in  Birla house in new  Delhi  on 30 January 1948.

Godse was a member of the  political party ,the  Hindu  mahasabha  ,and  a member  of  the Rastriya  Swayamsevak  Sangh (RSS) ,a right -wing  Hindu  paramilitary  volunteer organization , and a popularizer of  the  work of  his mentor  Vinayak  Damodar Savarkar , who had created the  ideology of Hindutva.

Godse had two unsuccessful attempts  to assassinate mahatma Gandhi  in 1944 before  he  succeeded the third time . after  the  1948 assassination ,Godse  claimed Gandhi  favoured  the  political demands  of  British  Indians  Muslims during  the  partition of India of 1947. soon after mahatma Gandhi had fallen from the  fatal shots at the  prayer meeting , and  while  the  attendant crowd was  in  shock, Godse was  grasped and  while  the attendant  crowd was in shock ,Godse  Reiner Rj , a vice -consul at the  new American  embassy in  Delhi who was also attending ; eventually ,Godse was  taken  away by the  police. Godse was  sentenced to death on 8 November 1949 . although pleas for clemency were made  by Gandhis two sons ,Manilal Gandhi and  Ramdas Gandhi ,they were  turned  down  by Indians prime  minister  Jawaharlal  Nehru , deputy prime  minister  Vallabhbhai Patel ,and governor - general Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ,and  Godse was executed at the  Ambala central jail on 15 November  1949.

       early life

Nathuram Vinayakrao Godse was born  into a  Maharashtrian  chitpavan brahmin family. His mother was Lakshmi .at  birth , he was named Ramachandra .Nathuram was given  his name due  to  his  parents  fear  that  a curse  targeted their male  children , caused by  the loss of  their three  previous sons  young Ramachandra was  therefore  brought up as a girl for  the  first few  year  of his  life , including having his nose  pierced and  being  made  to  wear a nose - ring .it was then  that  he earned  the  nickname  Nathuram  after his  younger brother  was  born ,they switched to treating him as a boy.

Godse attended the local school at Baramati through the  fifth standard ,after which he was sent to live with an aunt in Pune so that could study at an English -language school.

political career and beliefs.

Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with Hindu nationalist organisations Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh and  Hindu  Mahasabha ,although the  exact dates of his membership are uncertain.

RSS membership

Godse joined RSS in Sangil in 1932 as a Boudhika Karyawah ,and  simultaneously remained a member  of the Hindu Mahasabha ,both right -wing organisations . he often wrote  articles in newspapers to publicise  his  thoughts .during  this  time ,Godse  and M.S Golwalkar ,later  RSS chief , Ofter worked  together ,and  they  translated  Babarao Savarkar s book Rashtra  Mimansa into English .they  had  a felling out  when  Golwalkar took  the  entire credit for this  translation .in the  early  1940s, Godse  formed his  own  organisation, Hindu Rashtra dal  on  the  Vijayadashami day  of 1942, though he continued to  remain  a member  of  the RSS and Hindu  Mahasabha.

in 1946 ,Godse  claimed to have  left  the RSS and moved  to the Hindu Mahasabha over the issue of the  partition of India . however, historical sources do not  corroborate this claim ;an investigations published  by the caravan in January 2020 revealed that  up until his  final days gods was  listed  as a member  in  record  kept by  the  RSS  of meetings  that  took  place  long after  he  was supposed  to have  left  the  organisation. His  family  has  also  said  that  he  had  never  left the RSS ,highlighting that  he held  membership at the RSS as well as the  Hindu  Mahasabha. Godse's  1946 claim is  also  refuted by  his  first deposition in Marathi after he assassinated Gandhi ,where  he  says that  while  he  did  join the  Hindu  Mahasabha ,I remained active in Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

assassination of mahatma Gandhi.

main article: assassination of mahatma Gandhi.

in may 1944 attempted to assassinate Gandhi with  a knife .he led  a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed  at Gandhi during  a prayer   meeting panchgani. godse and his  group was prevented  by the crowds from reaching Gandhi . he was released due  to  Gandhi s own  policy of  declining to press criminal charges.

 

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list of indian ODI cricketers.

 well come to all Indian cricketer .

a one day international (ODI) is an international cricketers  match  between two  representative teams , each having ODI status, as determined by the international cricket council (ICC) .an ODI differs from  test   matches  in that the  number  of overs per  team  is limited ,and that each team has only one innings .

 India played their first ODI in 1974 and a total of 256 players have represented the team . since 1974 India has  played  1,058 ODIs, resulting in  559 victories, 445 defeats ,10 ties  and 44 no  results .Indians  first  series victory  came against England in 1981 ,winning 2-1. indie won  the  cricket world  cup twice  in  1983 and  2011  and  was runner - up in 2003 .India won the ICC champions trophy in the year 2013 and  had  earlier shared  once with  Sri  Lanka  in  2002 because  rain  washed out  the  attempt to  complete  the final twice . India  was  also runner -up in 2000.india have won  the  Asia cup ( in ODI format) a total of  seven  times in 1984,1988,1990,1995,2010,2018 and  2023.

    Sachin  Tendulkar is the youngest debutant at the  age  of 16 year and 238  days and  Farokh engineer is oldest  debutant  at the  age of 36 years and  138 days . anil Kumble is the  leading  wicket  taker  with  337 wickets to  his  name ,and Sachin Tendulkar is the  leading  run  scorer with  18,426 runs to his name  from  452 innings at  an  average  of  44.43. Tendulkar  holds the  record  for playing  the  most  ODI matches played (463) .he  also  holds  the world  record  number  of  man the  match  award s. Rohit  Sharma s score  of  264  against Sri Lanka  in November 2014 is the  hights number  of runs scored by  any  player  in an  ODI . Sourav Ganguly s 183 against Sri Lanka is the  highest number of runs scored  by an  Indian cricketers in a  cricket world cup match .

     

Sachin Tendulkar.

   Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar born 24 April 1973 is an Indian  former  international  cricket  who  captained  the Indian national team . he is  widely regarded as one  of  the  greatest  cricketers  of all time .  and  is the  holder  of  several  world  record s , including being  the  all -time  highest  run - scorer in both  ODI  and  test  cricket  receiving  the  most  player  of  the  match  awards in  international  cricket , and  being the  only  batsman to  score  100 international centuries. Tendulkar  was  a member of  parliament , Rajya Sabha by  presidential nomination from 2012 to 2018.

having retired from ODI cricket in 2012, he  retired from all forms of  cricket in November 2013 after playing his  200th test .

Kapil dev.

    Kapildev Ramlal Nikhanj born 6 January 1959 is an Indian  former cricket team  captiain .hi is regarded as one of the  greatest all - rounders in the  history  of  cricket ,he  was a fast -medium  bowler and  a hard -hitting  middle - order  batsman . dev is the  only player in the history  of cricket to have  taken  more  then 400  wickets (434 wicket  ) and scored  more then 5000 runs  in test cricket .

  dev captained the Indian cricket team that won the 1983 cricket  world cup ,becoming the first  Indian captain to win  the  cricket  world cup .he  is  still the  youngest captain ( at the age of24) to win  the  world  cup  for  any  team . he  retired in 1994, as the first  player to take 200 ODI  wickets . and  holding  the  world  record  for  the  highest number of wickets taken in test cricket ,a record subsequently broken by Courtney Walsh in 2000. 

Sunil Manohar sunny Gavaskar born July 1949  is a former captain of  the  Indian national cricket team who represented India and Mumbai from 1971 to 1987 . Gavaskar is acknowledged as one of the greatest opening batsman of all time.

Gavaskar is a recipient of the Indian sports honour of the arjuna awards and the  civilian honour of the  Padma Bhushan. he was  inducted  into the   ICC cricket hall of fame in 2009 .in 2012 ,he  was  awarded the C.K Nayudu lifetime  achievement  award, the  highest honour  BCCI can  bestow on a  former player . Gavaskar is  also  known as sunny by his fans and  fellow cricket commentators.

pahalgam terror attack updates: pakistan .

 pahalgam attack key updates ; 26 killed J- k s deadliest strike in recent times , PM Modi heads  back to India.

  pahalgam attack : the attack occurred just  as the tourist and  trekking  season was gaining momentum .it took place  in baisaran, an  expansive meadow located about six  km from the resort town of pahalgam .surrounded by dense  pine  forests and mountains  ,  baisaran is  a popular destination destination among tourists.

Srinagar ,indian -administered Kashmir - suspected rebesls killed at least 26 people on tuesday on tuesday in the deadliest such attack  in a quarter - century  in indian - administered kashmir , setting off a chain of  tit -for - tat moves by  india and pakistan and raising the spectre of a full - fledged conflict between the nuclear -armed neigbours.

   new delhi and  islamabad (cnn) -relations between india and  pakistan are  cratering following a deadly militant attack in indian -administered kashmir that has  sparked , tit -for - tat represals  and  raised  fears  of another  military escalation between  the  nuclear - armed rivals

 on 22 april 2025 ,five terrorists attacked male  hindu tourists in the  indian -administered territory of jammu and  kashmir , killping 26 and  injuring more  then 20 other s, in the  deadlist incident of  its  kind in india since  the  2008 mumbai attacks. the  incident took place  in baisaran valley , a  popular  tourist destination naer pahalgam.

  the resistance front TRF,an offshoot of the pakistan-based UN -designated lterrorist group lashkar - e taiba , initially claimed  responsibility for the  attack , linking  it to indian government policy that allows indian citizens  to  live and work in kashmir ,resulting  in non-local settlement in the  region. four days later ,they retracted their claim.

  the attack intensified tensions between indian and pakistan, leading to a diplomatic crisis .india accused pakistan of supporting cross -border  terrorism and suspended the  indus waters treaty ,expelled pakistani diplomats,and closed borders . pakistan denied indias  accusations and  retaliated by suspending the .

chennai super kings .(CSK)

 well come to CSK in Indian IPL team .

Chennai super kings ( CSK )  is an Indian professional T20 cricket franchise based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu . the  team competes in the Indian premier league (IPL) and was one of the eight franchises incorporated when the  league was  established in 2008 .the team plays  its home  matches at  the M.A Chidambaram stadium and  is owned by Chennai super kings cricket.

    the super king  is the joint -most successful ipl franchise ( along with Mumbai Indians ) ,having won five IPL littles. it has also  appeared in ten finals  and qualified for the playoff stages12 times ,the  most amongst the  IPL teams .the  franchise has also won the  champions league  twenty20 twice in 2010 and 2014. the team is currently  captained by M S Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming.

 the super kings was suspended for two years from  the IPL from July 2015 to 2017  due  to the  involvement of its owners in the  2013 IPL batting case. the franchise re-joined the  tournament  for  the  2018 season and  won  the  title in its  comeback  season .in January 2022 ,csk became  Indians first unicorn sports enterprise .as of 2022 ,it  was the second most  valiable IPL franchise with a valuation of Doller 1.15 billion.

    History.

early years (2008-09)

in september 2007,the board of control for cricket in india premier league (IPL) ,a twenty20 competition with the inaugural season planned for 2008. chennai was one of the eight city - based franchises unveiled for the inaugural edtion in january 2008.

 the player auction for  the inaugural IPL season took  place in january 2008. then captain of  the  indian team MS dhoni was bought by the  super  kings for doller 1.5 million ,the  most  expensive buy  at the auction.the   franchise  also  bought  international cricketers suresh raina,mattiah  muralitharan and  michael  hussey in  the  inaugural season ,the   franchise named  dhoni mas the  captain of the  team  played  its  first  game in the  IPL on 19 april 2008 against  punjab  kings (then kings XI punjab) at mohali, which it won by 33 runs .the  super kings finished the  league  stage  in  third  place with  eight wins from 14 games . in the  semifinal, the  maiden IPL final .in the final at  mumbai, rajasthan royal won  the match off  the  last  ball  to defeat  the  super  kings  and  lifted the  first  IPL  tital .by  finishing  as the runners-up  in the IPL , the  super  kings qualified for  the  inaugural season of the  champions  league twenty20 (CLT20). the tournament was  later  cancelled as a consequensation from the BCCI for  the same .