Indian navy

    the indian navy is the maritime branch of the indian armed force. the president of india is the supreme commander of the india navy. The chief of naval staff, a four star admiral, commands the navy as ,the strait of Malacca, and  routinely conducts  anti- piracy  operations with  other navies in the reginal ,it  also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the south and east China seas as well as in the western mediterranean sea simultaneously.

the primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation s maritime borders ,and in conjunction with other armed forces  of the  union, act to defect any threats or aggression against the territory ,people or maritime interests of india. both in war and peace. through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions ,including disaster relief, the indian navy promotes bilateral relations between nations .since October 2008,the indian navy  keep  s at least one frontline warship on continuous deployment in the gulf of Aden.

      as of June 2019,the  indian navy has 67,252 active and 75,000 reserve personnel in service and 300 aircraft . as of September 2022,the operation fleet consists of 2 active  aircraft carriers and 1 amphibious transport  dock,4 landing ship tanks, 8 landing craft  utility,14 destroyers ,14 frigates,2 ballistic missile submarines,16 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 18 corvettes, one mini countermeasure vessel ,4 fleet tankers and numerous other auxiliary ships .it is considered as a multi- regional power projection blue- water navy.

history

early maritime history.

the .maritime history of india dates back 6,000 years to the pre-Indus valley civilisation .a Kutch mariners log book from 19th century record that  the Dirth tidal dock in india was  Buit at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus  valley civilisation ,near the present -day  hatbox of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast .the rig Veda credits Varuna , the  Hindu god of water and the celestial ocean, with knowledge  of the ocean routes and describes the use  of ships having hundred oars in the naval expedition by Indians. there are also references to the stabilise the vessel during storms. Plava are considered to the precursors of modern-day  stabilisers.

alexander the great ,during his campaigns in india ,built a harbour at the ancient city of Patajo, which has been Hyphothzied to be the present day city of  Thatte. his army retreated to  Mesopotamia using ships built, record show that emperor of Maurya empire , Chandragupta an admiralty division .many historians from ancient india recorded indian  trade  relations .indian trade reached java and Sumatra. there  were  also  references to the  trade routes  of countries in the  pacific and indian ocean .india also had trade  relations with  the Greeks and  the romans .at one  instance roman history  Gaius Plinius Secundus mentioned indian traders carrying away large  masses of  gold and  silver from Rome, in sandal wood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.

indian air force.

 well come to indian air force .

the indian air force (IMA) is the air arm of the indian armed forces. Its primary mission is to secure indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflicts.it was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of British india which honoured Indians aviation service during world war.

since 1950,the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan .other major operations undertaken by the IAF include operation Vijay ,operation meghdoot , operation cactus and operation Poo Malai. the IAFs mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating in united nations peacekeeping missions .

the president of the india holders the rank of supreme commander of the IAF .as of 1 January 2025m,135,000 personnel are in service with the indian air force .the chief of the air staff, an air chief marshal ,is a four-star officer and is responsible  for the bulk of operational command of the air force. there is never more then one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF .the rank of marshal of the air force has been conferred by the president of Indian the occasion 2002, Singh became the first and so far, only five -star rank officer of the IAF.

mission.

the IAFs mission is defined by the armed forces act of 1947 ,the constitution of indian , and the air force act of 1950. it decrees that in the aerial battlespace :

defence of india and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its  prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.

* the primary objective of IAF is to defend the nation and its airspace against air threats in coordination with army and navy.

*the secondary purpose is to assist civil power during natural calamities and internal disturbances.

*the IAF provides close air support to the indian army troops in the  battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.

*IAF also provides strategic air lift or secondary airlift for the indian army.

*the IAF also operates the integrated space cell together with  the  other two branches of the  indian armed forces, the  department of space and the indian space  research organization (ISRO).

*Resucue of civilians during natural from  disasters 

*evacuation of indian nationals from foreign countries in case of instability or other problems.

in practice ,this is as a directive  meaning the IAF Bearbs the responsibility of safeguarding indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces .the IAF provides close air support to the  indian army troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. The Intergrated space cell is operated by the indian armed forces the IAF  provides close air support to the indian army troops an the battlefield as well as strategic  and  tactical aircraft capabilities . the integrated space  cell is operated by the indian armed forces ,the civilian department of space, and the indian space research organisation .by uniting the civilian run space exploration organisations and the  military faculty under a single integrated space cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from  innovation in the  civilian sector of space exploration ,and  the civilian department benefit as well.

the indian air force ,with highly trained crews, pilots ,and access to modern military assets provides india with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation ,search -and -rescue (SAR) operations, and  delivery of relief supplies to affects areas via cargo  aircraft ,the IAF provide extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998,the tsunami in 2004, and north india floods in 2013 . the IAF has undertaken relief  missions such as operation rainbow in Sri Lanka.

HISTORY.

FARMATION AND EARLY PILOTS

the indian air force was established on 8 October 1932 in British india as an auxiliary air force of the royal air force .the enactment of the indian air force  act 1932  stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the royal air force uniforms ,badges ,prevents and insignia . on 1 squadron ,with four Westland wapiti biplanes and five indian pilots .the indian pilots  were led by British RAF commanding officer flight lieutenant (later air vice marshal) Cecil Bouchier.

world war 2 (1939-1945)

during world war 2,the IAF played an instrument Rolain halting the advance of  the Japanese army in Burma, where the first the first IAF air strike was executed .the target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in Arakan ,after which IAF strike which IAF strike mission continued against the Japanese air based at Mae Hong son ,Chiang Mai and Chiang rai in norther Thailand.

Dassault rafale.

 well come to rafale aircraft.

the Dassault literally meaning gust of wind ,or burst of 

fire in a more military sense is a French  twin- engine, canard and built wing ,multirole  fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault aviation .equipped with a wide  range of weapons, the Rafel in intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction ,deterrence minces and missions .it is referred to as an omnirole aircraft by Dassault.

in the late 1970s ,the French air force and French navy sought to replace and consolidate their existing fleets of aircraft . in order to  reduce  development into an arrangement with the uk, Germany ,lately and Spain to  produce an agile multi -purpose future European fighter aircraft (which  would become the Eurofighter typhoon) subsequent disagreements over workshare and differing requirements led France to pursue its own development programme .Dassault built a technology demonstrator that first flew in July 1986 as part of an eight -year flight-test programme, paving the way for approval of the project.

the rafale is district from other european fighters of its era in that it is almost entirely built by one country,involving most of france s major defence contractors ,such as dassault and Safran .many of the aircrafts avionics and feature,such as dassault ,thales and safran .many of the aircrafts avionicse and features ,such as direct voice input,the RBE2AA Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and the optronique secteur frontal infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor,were domestically developed and produced for  the rafale programme originally scheduled to enter service in 1996, the rafale suffered significant delays due to post -cold war budget cuts and changes in priorities.there are three main variants : rafel c single c single -seat land-based version,rafale b twin-seat land -based version and rafale m single m single-seat carrier-based version.

introduced in 2001,the rafal is being produced for both the french air force and for carrier-based operations in the french navy .it has been marketed for export to several countries,and was selected for purchase by the egyptian air force ,the indian navy,the qatar air force, the hellenic air force,the croatian air force,the indonesian air force,the united arab emirates air force and the serbian air force .the rafale is considered one of the most advenced and capable warplanes in the world,and among the the most successful internationally.it has been used in combat over afghanistan, libya,mali,iraq ,syria by indian near its border with pakistan.

development.

in the mid-1970s the Franch air craft and French navy separate requirements for a new  generation of fighters to replace those in or  about to enter service. Because their requirement were similar ,and to reduce cost ,both services issued a common request for proposal.in 1975 ,the country's ministry of aviation initiated studies for aircraft optimized for differing roles . 

the rafale aircraft development programme was the end product of efforts by various european countries for a common fighter aircraft. in 1970 ,dassault-breguet (later dassault aviation ) joined the MBB/BAe european collaborative fighter project which was renamed the european combat aircraft (ECA) .the company contributed the aerodynamic layout of a prosepective twin-engine ,single -seat fighter country .in 1983,the future european fighter (FEFA) program was initiated ,bringing together together france ,italy ,spain ,west germany .

indian army Mukund Varadarajan.

 well come to Mukund Varadarajan life history.

Mukund Varadarajan AC (12 April 1983 - 25 April 2014) was an indian army  officer . he was  a  commissioned officer in the indian army's Rajput regiment. he was killed  in action during  a center terrorism  operation while on deputation  to the 44th Rastriya rifles battalion in Jammu and  kashmir .he was posthumously awarded  the  Ashoka chakra , Indians highest peacetime decoration ,for his action .

Mukund Varadarajan

    born in 1983 in a Tamil family in Kozhikode, Mukund completed his  college  in 2004 before joining the  officers training academy of the  indian army . he was commissioned as lieutenant in 2006,and was promoted to captain in October 2008.he served at the infantry school Mhow and was part of a united nationals mission in Lebanon .he was later promoted to the rank of major in 2012 and was deputed to the  44th battalion of the Rastriya rifles.

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born in 1983 in a Tamil family in Kozhikode, Mukund completed his college in 2004 before joining the  officers training academy of the indian army .he was promoted to captain in October 2008.he served  at the  infantry school in Mhow and was part of a united nations mission in Lebanon. He was later was deputed to the rank of major in 2012 and was to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya defiles.

in June 2013 ,Mukund killed Altaf Baba, then commander of Jaish -e-Mohammed in south Kashmir ,when  a group of terrorists attacked Mukund's army convoy .on 25 April 2014, Mukund led his team to Qazipathri in southern Kashmir ,to engage with Altaf Wani, who had  replaced  alfa baba as the local commander of the terrorists had  killed electoral officers during the 2014 indian general election Mukund and sepoy Vikram Singh killed all the  three terrorists in the ensuing  gunfight. however ,both the army men were also killed in the battle.

on 1 June 2015 ,a bust of Mukund was unveiled at the premises of the  officer training academy in Chennai .in 2024 ,a Tamil biographical film Amarna ,which was based on his life ,was released.

early and personal life.

Mukund Varadarajan was born on 12 April 1983 in a Tamil to R Varadarajan and Geetha Varadarajan in Kozhikode, Kerala, india . Mukund and his family moved to Tambaram in Chennai after his  father got job in indian overseas bank . Mukunda received his bachelor of commerce from sir Chandrasekhar Endra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya at Kanchipuram and a diploma in journalism from the madras Christian college .he worked at a BPO center for sometime before he decide to join the indian armed force s. his grandfather Raghav Achari and two of his uncles also served in the  indian army and  this motivated him to join the  armed forces. 

Mukund had two siblings. he married Indhu Rebecca Varghese in 2009,and the couple have a daughter.

career

Mukund joined the officers training academy in Chennai in 2004.after graduating ,he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Rajput regiment on 18 march 2006 . on 18 march 2006, he was granted a regular commission with the rank of lieutenant, and received an ante-dated promotion to captain from 18 October 2008.he served at the infantry school in Momaday Pradesh and was part of a united nations mission in Lebanon. he was promoted to major on 18 October 2012 and was deputed to the 44th battalion of the Rastriya rifles in scorpion district of Jammu and Kashmir.

S -400 missile system .in indian military.

 well come S-400 missile system.

S-400 TRIUMF launch vehicle.
type :mobile long -range surface -to 
air/anti-ballistic missile system.

        the s-400 triumph ( Russian C - 400 triumph ; NATO  reporting name : SA-21 growler ) previously known as the S- 200 PMU -3, is a mobile surface -to air missile (SAM ) system  developed in the 1990s  by Russia NPO  Almaz as an  upgrade to the S -300 family of missiles .the  s-400 was approved for  service on 28 April 2007 and the first battalion of the systems assumed combat duty on 6 august 2007 .the  system is complemented by  its successor ,the s-500.

development.

the development of the s -400 began in the early 1980s to replace the s-200 missile system, but was rejected by a state commission due to high cost and  inability to address the threat of cruise missiles.in the  late  1980s the  programme was  revived in under the codename TRIUMF as a system  capable of  engaging aircraft  at long  range  plus cruise missiles and stealth aircraft .the soviet government approved the  TRIUMF programme on 22 august 1991, but the collapse of the soviet union put development into limbo.it was announced by the Russian air force in January 1993. on 12 February 1999 successful tests were reported at  Kapustin yar in astrakhan, and the s-400 was scheduled  for deployment by officially revived on 7 July 1999,albeit as a modernization of  the s-300PM rather then an s-200 replacement. Alexander Lemansky of Almaz -Antey was the chief engineer on the s-400 project.

   in 2003, it became  apparent that the system was not ready for deployment . in august , two high - ranking  military  officials expressed concern that the s-400 was  being tested with older interceptors from the s-300p system and concluded that it was not  ready for  deployment .the  completion of the project was  announced  in  February 2004.in April, a  ballistic missile  was  successfully intercepted in a test  of  the  upgraded 48N6DM missile . the system was approved for service by the government on  28 April 2007 .Russia had  accepted for  service system, a source in the domestic defense  industry told TASS news agency in October 2018.

  structure.

PBU 55K6E command centre.

s-400 missile systems are organized around the 30K6E administration system, which can coordinate eight Divizions (battalions ) . the 55K6E is  a command and control  center based on the Ural- 532301 vehicle. The 91N6E is a panoramic radar detection system with a 340 km(210 mi) range and  protection against jamming ,and is mounted on MZKT-7930 vehicle. Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface -to -air missile systems (an independent combat system ) can track no  more then six target  on their own , with an  additional two battalions if they are within a 40-kilometre (25 mi) range .the  92N6E (or 92N2E) is a  multi -functional radar with a 340-kilometre ( 210 mi ) range ,which can track 20 targets. the 5P85SE2 on a trailer (up to 12 launchers0 are used for  launch .the ultra -long -range 40N6E missiles have been authorized by a Russian presidential decree.

missiles.

one system comprising eight divizion (battalions ) can control 72 launchers ,with a maximum of 384 missiles (including missiles with  a range  of less then 250 km (160 mi) .a  gas system launches missiles from  launch tubes .at 30 metres (98 ft) downrange  rocket motor Ingnition activates.in April 2015,a  successful test firing of the missile was conducted at an airborne target at a range of 400 km 9250 mi) transporter erector launchers (TELs) carrying the long -range  40N6 may only hold two missiles instead of the typical four due  to their  large  size  . another test  recorded a 9M96 missile using  an active  radar homing head that reached a altitude of 56 km (35 mi) .all missiles are  equipped with directed explosion warheads, which increases the probability of complete destruction of aerial targets but are  less effective  against ballistic targets. in 2016 , Russian anti- aircraft missile troops received upgraded missiles for S-300 and S-400 defence systems. The anti-aircraft version of the  missile system, designed to destroy aircraft, cruise and ballistic missiles, ,can also be used  against ground targets. The S -400 is able to intercept cruise missile at a range of only about 40 km (25 mi) due to their low-altitude flight paths.

sam mahadur

 well come to the Sam bahadur.

field marshal Sam hormesis Framji Jamshedji  Manekshaw MC ( 3 April 1914-june 27, 2008) ,also known as Sam bahadur ( the brave ) was an  indian army general officer who was the chief of the army staff during  the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971, and the first indian army officer to be promoted to the rank of field  marshal. his active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in world war 2.

Manekshaw joined the first intake of the indian military academy at Dehradun in 1932.he was commissioned into the 4th battalion, 12th frontier force regiment . in world war 2, he was awarded the  military cross for gallantry . following the  partition of india in 1947, he was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during the 1947 Indo -Pakistani war and the Hyderabad crisis, and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. he was  promoted to the  rank  of  brigadier while serving at the military operations directorate. he became the commander of 167 infantry brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the director of military training at the army headquarters.

after completing the higher command course at the imperial defence college ,he was appointed the general officer commanding of the  26th infantry division. He also served as the commandant of the defence services staff college. in 1962 ,he was  accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually found innocent but thus could not serve in the 1962 war .in 1963,manekshaw was  promoted to the rank of army commander and took over western command. in this role ,in 1967,he was involved in the first indian victory against a  Chinese offensive during the Nathu la and Cho la clashes.

Manekshaw was awarded the  Padma Bhushan, the  third highest indian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the  insurgencies in  Nagaland and  Mizoram. Manekshaw became the seventh chief of army staff in 1969.undernhis command ,indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong regular army of Pakistan in the creation of Bangladesh in December 1972 for his   services to the rank of field marshal in January 1973, the rank of  field marshal in January 1973,the  post, second being K. M Cariappa. he retired to 15 January 1973 (also celebrated as army day) .he died on 27 June 2008,at the age of 94,due to respiratory problems.

Manekshaw 

early life and family.

Sam Maniksha was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar to Hormazd (1871-1964) , a doctor ,and  Hilla, nee Mehta (1885-1970).both of his parents were parses echo had moved to Amritsar from the city of  Valsad in coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw s parents had  left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore, where his  father  was  going to  start  practising medicine however ,when their train halted at Amritsar station , Hilla found it impossible to  travel any further due to  her  advanced pregnancy .after hilla had  recovered from child birth ,the couple decided to stay  in Amritsar ,where Hormazd soon set up a clinic and  pharmacy .the couple had four sons (fail,jan, sam and Jami) and two daughters (Cilla and Sheru).Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son.

during world war 2, Hormazd had  served in the British indian army as a captain in the indian medical service (now the army medical corps).Manekshaws elder brother fail and  Jan became engineers , while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaws younger brother Jami became a doctor and served in the  royal indian air force as a medical officer.in 1948,jami became  the first indian to be  awarded air surgeons wing from naval air  station Pensacola in  the  united states, after completing  a training course there. Jami  joined his elder brother,sam ,in becoming a flag officer ,and  retired as an  air  vice marshal in the indian air force.

CHIEF OF ARMY STAFF 

gen P.P kumara Mangalam retired as the chief as the  chief of army staff (COAS) in jane 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the  eighth chief of the army staff on 08 June 1969. during his tenure ,he  was in atramental in stopping a plan to reserve quotas in the  army for scheduled castes and  scheduled tribes. though he was a Parsi, a minority in india, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the army and  believed all must  be  given an equal chance.

education.

Manekshaw completed his primary schooling in Punjab, and then joined Sherwood college , nainital.in 1931,he passed his senior high school examinations with distinction .he then asked his  father to send him to send to Landon to study medicine ,but father refused as he was not old enough .his father was  already supporting Sams elder brother who were studying engineering in London . Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha college (now the Hindu college Amritsar ) and graduated in April 1932.

a formal notification for the entrance  examination to  enrol in the  newly established indian military academy.(IMA) was issued in the early  months of 1932. examinations were scheduled for June or july.in an act of  rebellion against his fathers refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat for the  entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932,he was one of the  fifteen cadets be selected through an open competition, and placed sixth in the  order  of merit.

indian military academy.

Manekshaw was part of the first batch  of cadets at the IMA .called the pioneers, this batch also included Amith dun and Muhammad muse  khan. The future commanders -in -chief of Burma and Pakistan ,respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932,the cadets military  training commenced on 1 October 1932 .as an IMA  cadet, Manekshaw  went  on  to  achieve a number of  distinction : the  only  one  to  attain  the  rank  of  field marshal . the commandant of the  academy during  this  period  was  brigadier  Lionel peter Collins. Manekshaw was almost  suspended from the academy when he  went to Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the maharaja of Kapurthala ) and haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not return in time for the morning drills.

of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA ,only 22 completed the course: they were  commissioned as second   lieutenants on 1 February 1935. some of his batchmates were dewan Ranjit rai: Mohan Singh ,the founder of the  indian national army 

mojar sandeeo unnikrishnan,

well come to indian most powerful nsg commando ,

           major sandeep unnikrishnan. 

sandeep unnikrishnan.

major sandeep unnikrishna , AC march 15 ,1977 -28 november 2008.was an indian army officer ,who was serving in the 51 special group of the national security group of national security guard on deputation .he  was killed in action  during  the 2008 mumbai attacks and was posthumously awarded the  ashola chakra , indias highest peacetime gallantry award ,on 26 january 2009.

 early and personal life .

maj. sandeep unnikrishnan, AC came from a malayali family residing in bangaluru, where they had moved from kozhikode,kerala.he was  the only son of retired ISRO officer k.unnikrishnan and dhanalakshmi unnikrishnan.

maj.unnikrishnan attended the frank anthony public school , bangaluru , graduating in 1995 in the  ISC science  stream . he wantwd to join the  armed forces from childhood .he was married

 to neha.

military career 

maj. sandeep unnikrishnan, AC (p) joined the national defence academy (indian) (nda), pune ,maharashtra  in  1995. he was  a part of the  oscar squadron (no.4 battalion ) and  a graduate  of  the  94 th course NDA .he held a bachelor of arts degree .

in the indian military academy (IMA) dehradun ,he was part of the  104th regular cource .on 12 june 1999, he  graduated  from  the IMA and got  commissioned as lieutenant in the  7th battalion of  the bihar regiment  ( infantry) of indian  army  . during  operetion vijay in july 1999, he was  regarded positively at the  forword  posts in the  face  of  heavy artillery firing and  small arms  fire  by  pakistan troops . on the  evening of  31 december 1999, he led  a team of  six  soldiers  and  established a post 200 metres from the  opposing side and under direct  observation and fire .

he received a substantive promotion to captain on 12 june 2003, followed by promotion by promotion to the rank of  major on 13 june 2005. during the chatak course ( at the infantry wing commando school, belgaum), he topped the  course twice earning an instructor grading and a commendation.

he was  also trained at the  high altitude warfare school , gulmarg . after  serving in different locations including siachen , jammu and kashmir , 'gujarat (during 2002 gujarat riots ),hyderabad and rajastan ,he was selected to join  the  national security guards .on completion of training ,he was assigned  as the  training officer of the 51 special action group (51 SAG ) of NSG ,in january 2007 and also participated in various operations of the NSG .